A generalization of extendedQ-mode factor analysis to data matrices with variable row sums

The extended method of Q-mode factor analysis developed by Miesch for data matrices with constant row sums is generalized to data matrices with variable row sums. With the algorithm provided it is possible to compute factor scores in the metric of the original data and compute goodness-of-fit statistics and model geological systems unconstrained by constancy of row sums of data points.     

Solutions of pore pressure build up due to progressive waves

The analytical solution of soil pore pressure accumulations due to a progressive wave is examined in detail. First of all, the errors contained in a published analytical solution for wave‐induced pore pressure accumulation are addressed, and the correct solution is presented in a more general form. The behaviour of the solution under different soil conditions is then investigated. It is found that the solution for deep soil conditions is sensitive to the soil shear stress in the top thin layer of the soil. However the solution is significantly influenced by the shear stress in the thin layer of soil near the impermeable base, for shallow and finite depth soil conditions. It is also found that a small error in the soil shear stress can lead to a large error in the accumulated pore pressure. An error analysis reveals the relationships between the accuracy of the pore pressure accumulation and the accuracy of the soil shear stress. A numerical solution to the simplified Biot consolidation equation is also developed. It is shown that the error analysis is of significant value for the numerical modelling of pore pressure buildup in marine soils. Both analytical and numerical examples are given to validate the error estimation method proposed in the present paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement of kerogen structural interpretations based on oxidation products isolated from aqueous solutions

A detailed investigation of kerogen oxidation products remaining in aqueous solutions after the usual isolation of degradation products by extraction with ether or precipitation, was carried out for the first time in kerogen structural studies. Three shale samples were investigated: Green River shale (type I kerogen), Toarcian shale, Paris Basin (type II), and Mannville shale, Canada (type III). The yields of acids from aqueous solutions were noticeable: 12.98, 15.32 and 22.32%, respectively, based on initial kerogens. Qualitative and quantitative capillary GC/MS analysis showed that the ratios of different kinds of identified acids depended much on the type of precursor kerogen. Some of the acids identified in aqueous solutions have not been found earlier among the degradation products of the same kerogen samples, or were obtained in different ranges and yields. Consequently, slight modifications were suggested of the image on the nature of various types of kerogens based on examination of ether-soluble acids only. Namely, slightly higher proportions of aromatic and alkane-polycarboxylic acids in the total oxidation products of both type I and type II kerogens indicated larger participation of aromatic and alicyclic and/or heterocyclic structures in these two kerogens. On the other hand, for type III Mannville shale kerogen, a somewhat larger share of aliphatic type structures was demonstrated.     

Ionic surfactants adsorption on heterogeneous surfacesAdsorption de tensioactifs ioniques sur les surfaces hétérogènes

The adsorption of surfactants from aqueous solution is a phenomenon of major importance in applications ranging from ore flotation and paint technology to enhanced oil recovery. As this paper will illustrate, the process is very complex and of high scientific interest; its results can be extended to the retention of organic compounds (humic and fulvic acids, pollutants...) on solids in the biosphere. For a good understanding of the mechanisms involved in surfactants adsorption at the hydrophilic solid–aqueous solution interface, thermodynamic models have to take into account: (i) the physical chemistry of the surfactant in aqueous solution for choosing the appropriate reference phase, (ii) the surface heterogeneity of the adsorbing solid, (iii) the intensity of normal adsorbate–adsorbent bonds responsible for adsorption, (iv) the intensity of lateral bonds that favour the formation of surface aggregates through cooperative process and finally, (v) suitable theoretical models to describe adsorption phenomena. Once this has been achieved, two systems can be discussed: systems characterised by strong normal adsorbate–adsorbent bonds, currently used in ore flotation, which lead, in the case of heterogeneous surfaces, to the formation of lamellar aggregates at monolayer concentration and bilayer formation for higher concentrations. Systems characterised by weak normal adsorbate–adsorbent bonds, currently used in enhanced oil recovery and hydrocarbon (bio)remediation, which correspond to: (i) formation of globular micelles at the solid surface near the CMC when the temperature is higher than the Krafft point, (ii) formation of bilayered lamellar aggregates in the opposite case, (iii) three-dimensional condensation on substrate (T<T_Krafft) if the ionic surfactant interacts with cations in the bulk. To cite this article: J.-M. Cases et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 675–688.     

Fault plane solutions of microearthquakes and small events in the Hellenic arc

The Hellenic arc is the most active seismic region of the transition zone between the African and Eurasian plates. In this rapidly deforming region, the physical state of the crust and upper mantle may vary laterally and vertically. However, a detailed 3D model of the region is lacking. The reliable determination of fault plane solutions is crucial if such a model is to be produced. On this basis, fault plane solutions have been determined from recent microearthquakes and small events to assess their reliability for use in tectonic interpretation. A search algorithm on first motion data and amplitude ratios and also a waveform-matching scheme were employed on data from our temporal network, operated on the western part of the island of Crete. There, a network of 47 three-component digital stations with an aperture of 60 km and an average station spacing of 5 km was operated in 1997. The majority of the shallow microearthquakes under Crete for which fault plane solutions were determined have a near horizontal T-axis oriented essentially E–W. Differences between well determined fault plane solutions from the search algorithm and the waveform-matching technique were significant (strike up to 45°, dip up to 10°, and slip up to 50°). Second, data of small events within the Hellenic subduction zone were obtained from recently installed broadband stations at local and regional distances and inverted for a deviatoric seismic moment tensor. Available solutions from other sources such as the Harvard group, EMSC, or SED show drastic differences in part. Owing to still limited azimuthal station coverage, the resulting fault plane solutions of small events have generally not been well constrained. The observed large variation of fault plane solutions for micoearthquakes and small events poses a caveat to tectonic interpretation in case of using data from a few stations only.     

小秦岭西南段金矿床的地球化学研究

本文简要叙述了金成矿的地质条件和地球化学特征 ,主要阐述了金的来源、迁移和沉淀机制及矿床成因。研究表明 ,金大部分来源于周围变质岩层 ,小部分由燕山期花岗岩和基性岩脉提供 ;成矿介质热液以岩浆期后热液为主 ,还有少量的大气降水的加入 (或变质岩的粒间溶液 ) ;矿化剂如 Cl-,CO2 ,S2 -多数来源于基性岩脉或上地幔汁 ,少数由地层本身提供。金在成矿早阶段几乎都呈 [Au Cl2 ]-形式迁移 ;在成矿中阶段主要呈 [Au(HS) 2 ]-形式迁移 ;在成矿晚阶段大部分呈 [Au2 (HS) 2 S]2 -形式迁移。金主要是由于含金热液在从封闭系统转化为开放系统时降压沸腾而沉淀富集的     

粘弹性体力学模型的判别准则及在岩石试验中的应用

从粘弹性介质的蠕变柔量出发，推导出粘弹性体力学模型的判别准则。并通过单轴压缩条件下４种岩石的蠕变试验，讨论了判别准则实用化中的两个问题，解的存在条件问题，多解性及解的唯一性问题。     

The Limit Problems for the Equation of Oscillations of a Satellite

We consider the ordinary differential equation of the second order, which describes oscillations of a satellite with respect to its mass center moving along an elliptic orbit with eccentricity e. The equation has two parameters: e and μ. It is regular for 0 ≤ e < 1 and singular when e = 1. For 1 we obtain three limit problems. Their bounded solution to the first limit problem form a two-dimensional (2D) continuous invariant set with a periodic structure. Solutions to the second limit problem form 2D and 3D manifolds. The μ-depending families of odd bounded solutions are singled out. One of the families is twisted into a self-similar spiral. To obtain the limit families of the periodic solutions to the original problem match together the odd bounded solutions to the first and the second limit problem. The point of conjunction is described by the third (the basic) limit problem. The limit families are very close to prelimit ones computed in earlier studies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The heterogeneous formation of N2O over bulk condensed phases in the presence of SO2 at high humidities

In view of the uncertainty of the origin of the secular increase of N₂O, we studied heterogeneous processes that contribute to formation of N₂O in an environment that comes as close as possible to exhaust conditions containing NO and SO₂, among other constituents. The N₂O formation was followed using electron capture gas chromatography (ECD-GC). The other reactants and intermediates (SO₂, NO, NO₂ and HONO) were monitored using gas phase UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted at 298 and 368 K as well as at dry and high humidity (approaching 100% rh) conditions. There is a significant heterogeneous rate of N ₂ O formation at conditions that mimic an exhaust plume from combustion processes.The simultaneous presence of NO, SO₂, O₂ in the gas phase and condensed phase water, either in the bulk liquid or adsorbed state has been confirmed to be necessary for the production of significant levels of N₂O. The stoichiometry of the overall reaction is: 2 NO+SO₂+H₂O N₂O+H₂SO₄. The maximum rate of N₂O formation occurred at the beginning of the reaction and scales with the surface area of the condensed phase and is independent of its volume. A significant rate of N₂O formation at 368 K at 100% rh was also observed in the absence of a bulk substrate. The diffusion of both gas and liquid phase reactants is not rate limiting as the reaction kenetics is dominated by the rate ofN₂O formation under the experimental conditions used in this work. The simultaneous presence of high humidity (90–100% rh at 368 K) and bulk condensed phase results in the maximum rate and final yield of N₂O approaching 60% and 100% conversion after one hour in the presence of amorphous carbon and fly-ash, respectively.Work performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Dr ès Sciences at EPFL.     

差分方程的振动性(英文)

作者研究差分方程Δnx (t) + p (t)Δn-1x(t) + H (t,x(g(t) ) ) =0 ,其中　 P∶ D→ R,H∶ D×R→ R,0≤ p (t)≤ 1,g∶ D→ D,limt→∞t∈ Dg(t) =∞ ,D={ t0 ,t0 + 1,t0 + 2 ,… } .得到保证这个方程的一切解都振动的若干充分条件