A rigorous semi‐analytical solution for undrained cylindrical cavity expansion in critical state soils

This paper presents a generalized, rigorous and simple large strain solution for the undrained expansion of a vertical cylindrical cavity in critical state soils using a rate‐based plasticity formulation: the initial stress field is taken as anisotropic, that is with horizontal stresses that differ from the vertical stress, and the soil is assumed to satisfy any two‐invariant constitutive model from the critical state (Cam‐clay) family; no simplifying assumption is made during the mathematical derivation; calculating the effective stresses around the cavity requires the solution of a nonlinear equation by means of the Newton–Raphson method in combination with quadrature. Cavity expansion curves and stress distributions in the soil are then presented for different critical state models (including the modified Cam‐clay model). The solution derived can be useful for estimating the instantaneous response of saturated low‐permeability soils around piles and self‐boring pressuremeters and can serve as trustworthy benchmark for numerical analysis codes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximally-efficient-generation approach in the dynamo theory

Abstract

We propose a method of derivation of global asymptotic solutions of the hydromagnetic dynamo problem at large magnetic Reynolds number. The procedure reduces to matching the local asymptotic forms for the magnetic field generated near individual extrema of generation strength. The basis of the proposed method, named here the Maximally-Efficient-Generation Approach (MEGA), is the assertion that properties of global asymptotic solutions of the kinematic dynamo are determined by the distribution of the generation strength near its leading extrema and by the number and distribution of the extrema.

The general method is illustrated by the global asymptotic solution of the α²-dynamo problem in a slab. The nature of oscillatory solutions revealed earlier in numerical simulations and the reasons for the dominance of even magnetic modes in slab geometry are clarified.

Applicability of the asymptotic solutions at moderate values of the asymptotic parameter is also discussed. We confirm this applicability using comparisons with complementary asymptotic expansions and numerical simulations. In particular, this justifies application of the MEGA solutions to estimation of the generation threshold.     

循环伏安法测定硼氢根离子

主要用圆盘Au电极的电化学循环伏安法定量分析强碱性溶液中BH4-的浓度。实验采用三电极体系,工作电极为Au电极,参考电极为Hg/HgO电极,分别用铂、石墨作辅助电极,测定了在碱性体系中,不同浓度NaBH4溶液的循环伏安图,得到相应浓度下峰值电流值,并讨论了在同一浓度下扫描速度对BH4-氧化电流的影响。实验还测量了以镍电极、铂电极为工作电极时溶液的循环伏安图,并与Au电极结果做了对比。结果表明,BH4-在Au电极上活性最高,Au电极做工作电极的三电极体系测量BH4-离子浓度是一种简单、快速的方法,在测定范围内(10-4～10-2mol/L)线性关系良好。     

A semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation considering non-local turbulence closure

Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption, along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection–diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. In this work we present a semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional steady-state advection–diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the Generalized Integral Advection Diffusion Multilayer Technique (GIADMT). We report some examples of applications of the new solution for two different datasets and for a water tank experiment.     

差示FT-Raman和11B NMR方法研究过饱和镁硼酸盐的溶液结构

用差示FT -Raman和11BNMR光谱研究了MgB6O10 ·7 5H2 O、MgB4O7·9H2 O、Mg2 B6O10 ·1 5H2 O三种镁硼酸盐饱和和过饱和溶液的结构机理 ,其结果表明饱和溶液和过饱和溶液中均存在B(OH) 3 、B(OH) -4、B3 O3 (OH) -4、B5O6(OH) 4 -粒子。镁硼酸盐的结晶过程是一个复杂的动力学平衡过程     

Plasma Jet Experiments Using LULI 2000 Laser Facility

We present experiments performed with the LULI2000 nanosecond laser facility. We generated plasma jets by using specific designed target. The main measured quantities related to the jet such as its propagation velocity, temperature and emissive radius evolution are presented. We also performed analytical work, which explains the jet evolution in some cases.     

用差示FT—Raman和^11B NMR光谱学研究四硼酸锂水溶液的结构

用差示 FT- Raman和 1 1 B NMR光谱学研究了四硼酸锂过饱和溶液的结构机理 ,结果表明硼酸盐过饱和溶液中存在的粒子有 :B(OH) 3、B(OH) 4- 、B3O3(OH) 4- 、B4O5 (OH ) 42 - 和 B5 O6 (OH) 4- ,其结构机理类似于四硼酸锂饱和溶液和其他碱金属四硼酸盐溶液的结构机理     

The influence of soil interstitial waters on the physicochemistry of major,minor and trace metals in stream waters of the green lakes valley,Front Range,Colorado

The influence of soil interstitial waters on the physicochemical characteristics of major, minor and trace metals in stream waters of an alpine watershed, Front Range, Colorado was assessed. Dissolution of Ca-aluminosilicate minerals, ion exchange reactions and the magnitude of solute flux within the alpine soil environment account for most of the observed concentrations of major, minor and trace metals in the alpine stream waters. The rate of mineral dissolution and magnitude of solute flux during the summer of 1989 was greatly affected by anthropogenic disturbance which resulted in large amounts of colloidal material and freshly exposed mineral surfaces. The alpine ecosystem responded very quickly to this disturbance. The magnitude of solute flux in the soil environment was also highly dependent on the duration and intensity of rain events, as well as the location of the site along the slope. Transport of most trace metals in the stream waters was achieved by adsorption onto colloidal surfaces of Al–Si hydroxides smaller than 0·45 μm.     

Stress distribution near lake Jocassee,South Carolina

Seven months of seismic monitoring near Jocassee reservoir (impounded 1974) resulted in the detection of four clusters of earthquake activity. Composite fault plane solutions (CFPS) for each cluster indicate strike slip faulting for shallow earthquakes (<1.0 km) on the shores of the reservoir and normal faulting for deeper events (1–3 km) in the middle of the reservoir. The directions of the axes of maximum and minimum compression inferred from the CFPS were found to be NW and NE respectively and contrast with the NE and NW directions obtained by hydrofracture in a shallow well (230 m) at Bad Creek, about 10 km from the epicentral region.