书籍如何在中国古代民间社会中发挥信息交流作用

从传播学的角度看，书籍具有信息交流的作用。在古代民间社会中，由于各方面条件的限制，书籍信息交流作用的发挥除了体现在传统的家学渊源中以外，主要表现为读书人之间的借阅、互借、借抄、赠予等行为。此外，少数书主慷慨大度地开放藏书（类似私家图书馆）及唐宋以来的历代私建书院，也使书籍的交流作用得到了发挥。     

HILLS AS RESOURCES AND RESISTANCES IN SYRACUSE,NEW YORK*

In an example of what William Freudenburg and his colleagues called the “conjoint construction” of nature and society, hills may represent either assets or liabilities for urban settlement, depending on the period and the activities involved. The relationships between terrain and land use in Syracuse, New York, since the late eighteenth century fall into three major eras. The initial phase, in which settlement largely shunned the lowlands, gave way in the 1820s to one in which canals and railroads stimulated development of the lowlands and in which most land uses, save those of the classic urban fringe, avoided the uplands. A new pattern appeared in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of the electric trolley and the automobile and with provision of a municipal water supply able to reach the city's high ground. Development since then has been consistent with Ernest Burgess's 1929 model of “the poor in the valleys, the well‐to‐do on the hillslopes, and the rich on the hilltops.”     

加强气象灾害防御努力减轻灾害损失为建设和谐平安江西提供强有力的气象保障——在全省气象防灾减灾大会、全省气象局长会议上的工作报告（摘录）

全面回顾和总结了近年来江西气象防灾减灾工作取得的成绩和经验,并在客观分析全省气象防灾减灾工作中存在的困难与问题的基础上,对2008年和今后一段时期全省气象防灾减灾工作进行了科学部署。报告指出,做好气象防灾减灾工作,加快江西气象事业发展,责任重大,任务艰巨,意义深远。各级气象部门要以科学发展观为指导,以需求为牵引,深入学习贯彻党的十七大精神,全面贯彻落实《国务院办公厅关于进一步加强气象灾害防御工作的意见》（国办发[2007]49号）、《江西省人民政府办公厅关于进一步加强气象灾害防御工作的实施意见》（赣府厅发[2007]92号）文件精神,以及全国、全省气象防灾减灾大会精神和熊盛文副省长的重要讲话精神,开拓创新,扎实工作,加快建立完善现代气象业务体系、气象灾害应急管理体系、气象灾害应对防范体系等“三个体系”,进一步提高气象灾害监测预报预警、应急处置、综合防御等“三个能力”,不断完善气象灾害防御保障机制,努力形成政府统一领导、气象等相关部门协作联动、全社会共同参与的气象灾害防御工作机制,提高全社会防灾减灾水平,减轻气象灾害损失,从而为实现江西气象事业在新的起点上又好又快发展,为建设和谐平安江西提供强有力的气象保障而努力。     

研究中国灾害的旷世名著--《中国重大自然灾害与社会图集》读图笔记

对《中国重大自然灾害与社会图集》进行了综合而深入地评述。认为该图集的出版标志我国灾害研究由自然科学与人文科学交叉对接、融会贯通,由单项跃升到了综合分析、系统集成的新阶段。图集内容非常丰富,图表数据与文字穿插衬托,设计精湛,达到了科学、技术与艺术的和谐境界。     

Public perception of environment in the mountains of Vâlcea County

The Valcea Carpathians are of great value given their scenic attractions combined with specific glacial relief features in the Parang and rare plant and animal species of Cozia. Complemented by a diverse cultural landscape, with monasteries, vernacular buildings and pastoral traditions, the area offers a uniquely attractive backdrop for a cluster of spa resorts of international standing which make Valcea one of Romania's leading tourist regions. Environmental protection is very necessary to regulate private enterprise in the post-communist era, but financial resources and institutions are insufficient at the present time. The paper demonstrates how highly-motivated individuals can play a significant role in advocating a more sustainable future through their own capacities to carry out research and develop personal networks enabling them to extend their influence with the public at large and also with academic and administrative hierarchies. The Romanian author of this paper is one of a number of environmental activists in Valcea county who able to promote environmental issues in the absence of effective NGOs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Leaning on user-groups: The role of civil society in fisheries governance

Fisheries have long been managed through public–private partnerships based on collaboration between government and user-groups. The alleged benefits of involving the latter—as representatives of civil society—are a management system that is more flexible and legitimate than one based exclusively on top–down command and control. A question that is rarely addressed is whether civil society is up to the task. Are voluntary associations fit—‘technically’ and ‘democratically’—to take on management responsibilities? Assessing the pros and cons of involving civil society in fisheries governance requires a closer look at the role of user-groups in public policy-making. This paper attempts to do that by examining certain aspects of the Norwegian system of fisheries management, focusing—in particular—on the role of its most prominent civil society player: the Norwegian Fishers’ Association. The association has long been a privileged partner, virtually monopolizing the attention and goodwill of government. How has this been justified, and does it still serve its original purpose? As the fishery has changed, so—we contend—has the association: from something akin to a public interest group into what is essentially a ‘trade union’ pursuing the economic interests of its most powerful members. How and why did this change—in goals and priorities—come about, and is it tenable that this particular partnership continues? What lessons, if any, can be drawn from the Norwegian case about the pros and cons of user involvement, interactive governance and the role of civil society in fisheries management?     

地理环境在经济和社会发展中的作用的再认识──关于对“地理环境决定论”批判的反思的反思

地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系是地理学研究的重要内容。虽然1972年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议发表的“人类环境宣言”和1992年的“里约环境与发展宣言”大大地增强了人们的环境意识,但是,在我国,关于地理环境对经济和社会的发展所起的作用的认识仍然很不够,这是由于在本世纪中期对“地理环境决定论”的批判还没有得到很好地反省。关于地理环境对经济和社会发展所起作用的认识不够主要表现如下诸方面。在理论上,许多研究者在这个问题上的观点彼此差异甚大,某些研究者甚至发表自相矛质的和混乱的见解,地理环境在社会发展中究竟是起决定作用,还是在一定条件下起决定作用,或者是起影响作用,直到目前仍未得到一致认识。而在国民经济建设的实践中,忽视地理环境的作用仍然很普遍。因此,地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系问题,无论在理论上和在国民经济建设以及社会发展的实践中都有必要进一步予以探讨。     

Continuity and change: (re)constructing environmental geographies in late Soviet and post-Soviet Russia

Environmental studies conducted worldwide often overlook the knowledge traditions of the locales where they are conducted. Addressing this issue, I investigated the geographic journal literature of late Soviet (1980–1989) and post-Soviet (1990–2003) Russia. Notable trends are increasing criticism of environmental and resource management in Russia and a (re)turn to pre-socialist Russian theorizations of society–nature interactions. Specifically, the noösphere, ethnogenesis and geosystems are trends in the literature that signify how Russian geographers (re)construct environmental knowledge. For non-Russian geographers working in Russia, awareness of these trends situates place-based knowledge relative to multiple cultures (ethnic, scientific) and time periods, promoting cross-cultural understanding of different traditions of geographic inquiry.     

自然变异与灾害过程的社会学研究

论述了自然变异及自然灾害与人类社会的互馈关系 ,探讨了社会条件控制下自然灾害的阶段性特点 ,提出了开展灾害社会学研究的使命。认为自然变异及自然灾害破坏人类社会的健康发展 ,但人类社会并不是完全被动的应付自然变异和自然灾害 ,而是对自然变异及自然灾害作出双向反响。一方面 ,采取科学的社会行为 ,积极抑制灾害活动 ,减轻自然灾害破坏损失 ;另一方面因政治腐败 ,纲纪松弛 ,经济衰退 ,社会混乱 ,或违背自然规律 ,盲目的社会经济活动 ,导致天灾与人祸并行 ,不仅加剧自然灾害 ,甚至导致许多全球性重大环境问题 ,对人类社会造成广泛而深远的影响。自然灾害不仅受自然条件控制 ,而且受人类社会的强烈影响 ,因此自然灾害除伴随自然条件发生复杂的周期性变化外 ,还伴随社会条件发生阶段性变化。自然灾害是一种自然社会现象 ,而且随着人类社会的持续发展 ,自然灾害的社会性越来越强烈。因此 ,在进一步加强灾害的自然科学研究的同时 ,开展社会学研究 ,对于发展灾害理论以及促进减灾事业的发展是十分必要的。     

陕西省水土流失环境地质问题

水土流失是一种累进性地质灾害 ,其实质就是土壤侵蚀作用。陕西省是全国水土流失最严重的省份之一 ,黄河中游共有 1 38个水土流失重点县 ,而我省境内就有 4 8个。剧烈的水土流失使得地区生态平衡失调 ,土地资源遭到破坏 ,各种灾害频繁发生 ,严重阻碍地区经济发展。近几十年来 ,人们逐渐认识到水土流失的严重性和危害性 ,加大了治理力度 ,但效果不尽人意。因此 ,需要研究水土流失的地质环境条件和人类社会的影响因素 ,才能提出切实可行的防治措施。