青藏高原冬春季积雪异常与西南地区夏季降水的关系

选取1961-2007年青藏高原冬、春季积雪日数资料和西南地区夏季降水资料,对高原积雪和降水作奇异值分解(SVD)分析.结果表明:冬春季高原积雪对西南地区夏季旱涝有重要的影响.冬、春季高原积雪的不同分布将造成后期西南地区夏季降水分布出现差异.西南地区夏季降水对冬季高原积雪异常最敏感的区域主要是四川东北部、重庆、西藏中西部,对春季积雪异常最敏感的区域主要位于四川东部、重庆、贵州东北部,以及西藏中东部.与降水敏感区相对应的冬季高原积雪分布的关键区是西藏中西部和青海中南部至四川西北部地区,春季则转变为西藏西部和青海部分地区.总的来说,冬季高原积雪的异常变化比春季对西南地区夏季降水的影响更为明显.因此,前期青藏高原积雪是西南地区夏季降水预测中的一个重要信号,对夏季西南地区降水有一定的指示和预测意义;冬季高原积雪日数尤其具有预报指示意义,可作为一个重要的预测指标.     

沿天山高速公路冰雪灾害分析及其对交通安全的影响

本文利用2002年12月-2006年12月沿天山高速公路因恶劣天气导致交通管制统计记录,结合相应时间段高速公路沿线气象资料,对比分析了高速公路冰雪灾害对交通安全的影响,结果表明：高速公路冰雪灾害的危害程度依次是道路结冰、风吹雪、强降雪,路面结冰主要影响路段在吐乌大高速公路、乌奎高速公路和乌鲁木齐机场高速公路,风吹雪集中出现在达坂城到乌鲁木齐一线,除了吐乌大高速达坂城到吐鲁番段没有因强降雪影响交通的记录外,沿天山其它各段均有发生;归纳了高速公路冰雪灾害气象要素预报指标,建立了预报模型,制定出了冰雪灾害的气象指数等级、安全行车预防措施,为交通运输气象服务提供具体可操作的预报产品。     

晋蒙交界孔兹岩系熔体参与变质反应的结构特征及其动力学意义

晋蒙交界孔兹岩系变质反应结构与矿物相转变机制研究结果表明,在麻粒岩相变质及其与之相伴随的重熔作用过程中,存在一类特殊的有熔体参与的变质反应,即未熔矿物与熔体之间的反应。结合天然块状岩石高温高压实验,确定研究区孔兹岩系熔体参与变质反应如下：①２Ｇｔ＋（９ＳｉＯ２＋４Ａｌ２Ｏ３）熔体＝３Ｃｒｄ;②Ｇｔ＋（２ＳｉＯ２＋２Ａｌ２Ｏ３）熔体＝Ｓｐ＋Ｃｒｄ;③２Ｇｔ＋（３ＳｉＯ２）熔体＝２Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｒｄ;④１４Ｇｔ＋（２５ＳｉＯ２＋４Ｈ２Ｏ）熔体＝４Ｃｕｍ＋７Ｃｒｄ。这类熔体参与变质反应不仅受控于温压条件,而且与寄主岩石脱水熔融、长英质矿物部分熔融存在密切成因关系。该项理论与实验研究对于深化变质反应理论、探讨孔兹岩系矿物相转变成因机制及其动力学过程有着重要的意义。     

新疆阿勒泰克兰河中游地区冬季积雪分布及特性分析

新疆阿勒泰地区是中国季节性积雪水资源最为丰富的地区之一。2016年12月在克兰河中游地区开展了积雪观测,利用直尺和量雪筒测量雪深和雪密度,调查了积雪水资源的分布情况;利用针式温度计测量雪层温度,获取了雪层之间的温度梯度;利用雪特性分析仪和显微镜测量了积雪剖面的雪层密度、液态水含量、介电常数和雪粒径。通过分析研究区积雪水资源的空间分布和积雪特性的垂直分异发现：研究区雪深的分布非常不均匀,北部的雪深总体上大于南部,即使在同一地区,雪深也因风力等原因而分布不均匀;研究区总体上属于"干寒型"积雪,密度较小,且密实化迅速;各雪层属于干雪或者湿度极低的潮雪,绝大多数雪层的液态水含量在0.3%以下;积雪温度总体上从表层到底层逐渐升高,表层温度日变化较大;阴天积雪温度高于晴天,各雪层温度日变化小于晴天,且午后积雪会出现负温度梯度,冷中心出现在积雪次表层;雪粒径较小,雪粒长短轴比的最小值出现在中间层,且符合新雪的粒径特点。     

基于光谱-环境随机森林回归模型的MODIS积雪面积比例反演研究

积雪面积比例（Fractional Snow Cover, FSC）数据能在亚像元尺度上定量的描述像元内积雪覆盖的程度,相比二值积雪面积数据可以更加精确地估计积雪覆盖的面积。基于机器学习的随机森林回归模型可以表示高维的非线性关系,可显著提高MODIS FSC的反演精度。采用随机森林回归模型结合光谱、环境信息构建了一个新的回归模型——光谱-环境随机森林回归（Spectral Environment Random Forest Regressor, SE-RFR）模型,用于MODIS数据反演中国区域的FSC。利用中国典型积雪区内由Landsat 8地表反射率数据获取的FSC数据作为参考值,对SE-RFR模型的反演精度进行评估。研究表明,利用“SE-RFR”获取的FSC数据RMSE、MAE分别为0.160、0.104,精度较高。此外,根据SE-RFR模型与未加入环境信息的随机森林回归（S-RFR）模型比较结果可知,加入环境信息的随机森林回归模型提高了FSC反演的精度,特别是在受环境信息影响较大的青藏高原地区,RMSE从0.200降低到0.181。最后,将SE-RFR模型与目前使用广泛的MODIS FSC反演模型FSC_NDSI、MODSCAG和SSEmod进行了比较,结果表明SE-RFR模型的RMSE与FSC_NDSI、MODSCAG和SSEmod模型的RMSE相比,平均RMSE分别提高了12.0%、8.3%和5.5%。总体来说,SE-RFR模型可以准确地提取MODIS FSC,对于区域乃至全球FSC产品制备具有广泛的应用前景。     

雪冰中碳质气溶胶含量的测试方法

碳质气溶胶是大气气溶胶的一种, 主要由有机碳(OC)和碳黑(BC)或元素碳(EC)组成. 大气中的碳黑因其独特的光学性质和比表面积, 在大气辐射、气候学、云物理学、环境学以及毒物学等研究领域中具有重要的意义. 碳黑的化学性质十分稳定, 可作为一种示踪剂. 雪冰中碳黑记录的研究可以追溯历史时期生物量燃烧的信息, 以及为人类活动污染物的排放研究提供线索. 但是, 目前还没有找到一种十分有效的、统一的方法来测试不同介质中碳质气溶胶的含量. 根据雪冰介质的特点, 设计了一整套碳质气溶胶分析流程及相关的装置. 将雪冰样品融化并通过事先加热处理过的石英膜过滤, 利用供氧两步加热的方法使沉淀在石英膜上的碳质气溶胶中的有机碳和碳黑分离, 两步加热的温度分别为340℃和650℃. 采用分子筛富集CO₂, 用FID检测器检测 CO₂ 含量, 然后换算成有机碳和碳黑的含量. 上述方法测试有机碳和碳黑的空白值分别为6.05μgC和7.12μgC, 相对于国外的空白本底值较高, 主要是由于氧气流中CO₂的含量较高所致.     

Mineral equilibrium constraints on the feasibility of diffusive H2O-fluxed melting in the continental crust

Generation of granitic melt is believed to occur predominantly by melting through the breakdown of hydrous minerals. However, melting due to the influx of H₂O has been recognized in anatectic amphibolite facies tonalitic grey gneisses, metagreywackes and low-P metapelites, and has consequently been proposed as an alternative mechanism for the generation of granitic melt. Melting induced by H₂O addition is recognized from voluminous melt production at relatively low temperature, where hydrous minerals are stable and anhydrous minerals are preferentially consumed during melting. Mineral equilibrium modelling to determine the P–T conditions, melt volumes, melting reactions and viable H₂O sources reveals that the process is not restricted to specific compositions or P–T conditions, although lower pressure and lithologies with a low hydrous mineral content are more favourable. Melting reactions in all lithologies primarily consume quartz and feldspars to yield 5–6 mol.% melt for each mol.% of H₂O added. remains constant at ~0.70 to 0.77 during progressive melting as long as alkali feldspar is present. Once alkali feldspar is exhausted, plagioclase becomes the main reactant, producing more tonalitic melt compositions with gradually higher . Our results demonstrate that, at the site of melting, melting is driven by diffusion of H₂O into the target rock along chemical potential gradients, rather than the advective flow of a mechanically distinct water-rich fluid phase. Melting will initiate and proceed as long as a gradient exists between the H₂O source and target lithology. Our calculations show that an ordinary magma, such as an I-type magma with typical H₂O content, has a high enough to be a viable H₂O source, allowing diffusive H₂O-fluxed melting to produce melt proportions and fertility comparable to that of dehydration melting. However, high degrees of partial melting require a considerable amount of H₂O, which necessitates a continuously advecting H₂O source such as a magma conduit or melt-bearing shear zone. A magmatic H₂O source at emplacement level will undergo a similar amount of crystallization as the melt fraction produced in the target rock such that there will be no net melt production. Considering that shear-zone hosted magma conduits are localized features, diffusive H₂O-fluxed melting is likely to only be viable in a small fraction of the anatectic orogenic crust. Although it may play an important role in locally raising melt volumes and modifying magma chemistry through mingling and hybridization, it does not appear to, of itself, be able to generate significant volumes of granitic melt.     

2012年冬春季高原积雪异常对亚洲夏季风的影响

利用罗格斯大学积雪遥感资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料和NOAA陆地降水分析数据PREC/L,从2011/2012年冬春季青藏高原积雪偏多现象与亚洲夏季风的观测事实与以往研究结果不一致出发,诊断分析了2011/2012年冬春积雪与亚洲夏季风的可能联系。结果表明：2012年春季和前期冬季,青藏高原主体上空对流层主要为气旋性环流距平且气温偏低,这与积雪偏多年的环流特征一致。尤其在90°E以西,自青藏高原到热带地区,前期冬春季对流层中部气温表现为北冷南暖的距平特征,有利于夏季自热带印度洋到高原温度梯度偏弱,造成南亚夏季风偏弱。但是在90°E以东的高原东部到东亚地区及其南侧的低纬度地区,对流层温度距平为北正南负型,温度梯度偏弱,有利于亚洲东南部大气环流冬夏季节转换偏早,南海夏季风爆发偏早,东亚夏季风偏强,这种环流特征受到高原以外的其他外强迫信息的影响。2011/2012年冬春季积雪偏多特征可能对南亚夏季风偏弱有重要贡献,而对东亚夏季风的影响不明显。     

The Genesis of Intermediate and Silicic Magmas in Deep Crustal Hot Zones

A model for the generation of intermediate and silicic igneousrocks is presented, based on experimental data and numericalmodelling. The model is directed at subduction-related magmatism,but has general applicability to magmas generated in other platetectonic settings, including continental rift zones. In themodel mantle-derived hydrous basalts emplaced as a successionof sills into the lower crust generate a deep crustal hot zone.Numerical modelling of the hot zone shows that melts are generatedfrom two distinct sources; partial crystallization of basaltsills to produce residual H₂O-rich melts; and partial meltingof pre-existing crustal rocks. Incubation times between theinjection of the first sill and generation of residual meltsfrom basalt crystallization are controlled by the initial geotherm,the magma input rate and the emplacement depth. After this incubationperiod, the melt fraction and composition of residual meltsare controlled by the temperature of the crust into which thebasalt is intruded. Heat and H₂O transfer from the crystallizingbasalt promote partial melting of the surrounding crust, whichcan include meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous basement rocksand earlier basalt intrusions. Mixing of residual and crustalpartial melts leads to diversity in isotope and trace elementchemistry. Hot zone melts are H₂O-rich. Consequently, they havelow viscosity and density, and can readily detach from theirsource and ascend rapidly. In the case of adiabatic ascent themagma attains a super-liquidus state, because of the relativeslopes of the adiabat and the liquidus. This leads to resorptionof any entrained crystals or country rock xenoliths. Crystallizationbegins only when the ascending magma intersects its H₂O-saturatedliquidus at shallow depths. Decompression and degassing arethe driving forces behind crystallization, which takes placeat shallow depth on timescales of decades or less. Degassingand crystallization at shallow depth lead to large increasesin viscosity and stalling of the magma to form volcano-feedingmagma chambers and shallow plutons. It is proposed that chemicaldiversity in arc magmas is largely acquired in the lower crust,whereas textural diversity is related to shallow-level crystallization. KEY WORDS: magma genesis; deep hot zone; residual melt; partial melt; adiabatic ascent     

Sensitivity of Snowfall Characteristics to Meteorological Conditions in the Yeongdong Region of Korea

This study investigates the characteristics of cold clouds and snowfall in both the Yeongdong coastal and mountainous regions under different meteorological conditions based on the integration of numerical modeling and three-hourly rawinsonde observations with snow crystal photographs for a snowfall event that occurred on 29?30 January 2016.We found that rimed particles predominantly observed turned into dendrite particles in the latter period of the episode when the 850 hPa temperature decreased at the coastal site,whereas the snow crystal habits at the mountainous site were largely needle or rimed needle.Rawinsonde soundings showed a well-defined,two-layered cloud structure along with distinctive wind-directional shear,and an inversion in the equivalent potential temperature above the low-level cloud layer.The first experiment with a decrease in lower-layer temperature showed that the low-level cloud thickness was reduced to less than 1.5 km,and the accumulated precipitation was decreased by 87%compared with the control experiment.The difference in precipitation amount between the single-layered experiment and control experiment(two-layered)was not so significant to attribute it to the effect of the seeder?feeder mechanism.The precipitation in the last experiment by weakening winddirectional shear was increased by 1.4 times greater than the control experiment specifically at the coastal site,with graupel particles accounting for the highest proportion(~62%).The current results would improve snowfall forecasts in complicated geographical environments such as Yeongdong in terms of snow crystal habit as well as snowfall amount in both time and space domains.