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951.
Dendrogeomorphology was used to investigate past events on a cone affected by both debris flows and snow avalanches. We report on results of 520 cores from 251 injured Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees sampled on the Birchbach cone (Swiss Alps). Detailed analysis of tree‐ring sequences allowed dating of 561 growth disturbances in individual trees for a 252 yr period, extending from 1750 to 2002, which could be attributed to 30 different event years. We then localized the position of rows of traumatic resin ducts (TRDs) within the tree ring so as to assess the intra‐seasonal position of damage. In agreement with data on the local growth period, TRDs located at the beginning of the new growth ring were considered the result of avalanche impacts that occurred during the dormant season or in earliest earlywood between late October and early May. In contrast, TRD found in late earlywood or within latewood were considered the result of periglacial debris‐flow activity, as these layers of the tree ring are locally formed between July and early October. For nine out of the 30 reconstructed event years, the intra‐seasonal timing of TRDs indicated that reactions must be the result of past snow avalanche activity. In 19 other event years, TRDs showed that damage has been caused between July and early October and, thus, through debris flows in the Birchbach torrent. Finally, the spatial patterns of trees showing reactions as a result of particular events were assessed so as to approximate the extent of past debris flows and snow avalanches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
952.
积雪深度是表征积雪特征的重要参数,也是区域气候变化最敏感的响应因子之一。利用1979-2010年逐日中国雪深长时间序列数据集,采用GIS空间分析和地统计方法,分析了青藏高原积雪深度的时空变化规律及异常空间分布特征。结果表明:近32年来,青藏高原雪深呈显著增加趋势,增加速率为0.26 cm/10a,其中,昆仑高寒荒漠地带雪深增加最为明显,增加速率达0.73 cm/10a;20世纪80年代至90年代青藏高原雪深呈逐步增加趋势,21世纪初变化平稳;青藏高原4个季节雪深变化均呈现为上升趋势,尤以冬季增加最为明显,增加速率达0.57 cm/10a。青藏高原东南、西部和南部为雪深分布高值区;逐像元回归分析表明,高原雪深呈增加趋势的像元数占全区像元总数的67.1%,其中有91.3%为轻度和中度增加,主要分布在高原北部和西部;最大雪深变化基本维持在-0.1~0.1 cm/a(45.47%)之间,在昆仑北翼山地、柴达木山地、羌塘高寒地带南部等局部地区最大雪深有增加趋势,主要是轻度增加,面积比例为36.66%。果洛那曲高寒地带、青南高寒地带和羌塘高寒地带为青藏高原积雪深度异常变化敏感区。 相似文献
953.
954.
955.
Liquidus relations in the four-component system Na2OAl2O3SiO2F2O1were studied at 0· 1 and 100 MPa to define the locationof fluoridesilicate liquid immiscibility and outlinedifferentiation paths of fluorine-bearing silicic magmas. Thefluoridesilicate liquid immiscibility spans the silicaalbitecryoliteand silicatopazcryolite ternaries and the haplogranite-cryolitebinary at greater than 960°C and 0· 1100 MPa.With increasing Al2O3 in the system and increasing aluminum/alkalication ratio, the two-liquid gap contracts and migrates fromthe silica liquidus to the cryolite liquidus. The gap does notextend to subaluminous and peraluminous melt compositions. Forall alkali feldsparquartz-bearing systems, the miscibilitygap remains located on the cryolite liquidus and is thus inaccessibleto differentiating granitic and rhyolitic melts. In peralkalinesystems, the magmatic differentiation is terminated at the albitequartzcryoliteeutectic at 770°C, 100 MPa, 5 wt % F and cation Al/Na =0· 75. The addition of topaz, however, significantlylowers melting temperatures and allows strong fluorine enrichmentin subaluminous compositions. At 100 MPa, the binary topazcryoliteeutectic is located at 770°C, 39 wt % F, cation Al/Na 0·95, and the ternary quartztopazcryolite eutecticis found at 740°C, 32 wt % F, 30 wt % SiO2 and cation Al/Na 0· 95. Such location of both eutectics enables fractionationpaths of subaluminous quartz-saturated systems to produce fluorine-rich,SiO2-depleted and nepheline-normative residual liquids. KEY WORDS: silicate melt; granite; rhyolite; fluorine; liquid immiscibility 相似文献
956.
1959-2003年中国天山积雪的变化 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
利用天山山区17个气象站1959-2003年的气象观测资料,分析了中国天山山区冬季(12-2月)气温、积雪变化趋势特征, 并采用Mann-Kendall统计量对最大积雪深度的变化进行了突变检验,通过GIDS插值方法和DEM数据计算了它的空间分布。结果表明,天山山区冬季平均气温存在明显的上升趋势,倾向率为0.44℃/10 a,与北半球冬季平均气温的变化有着较好的相关性,最低气温的增加更为明显,其倾向率为0.79℃/10 a。45 a来天山山区最大积雪深度具有明显的增加趋势,倾向率为1.15 cm/10 a,检测表明,最大积雪深度在1977年前后发生了突变;与多年平均相比,积雪深度增加幅度最大的是西天山地区的昭苏、尼勒克,分别增加了39.3%和39.7%。天山山区积雪变化以2.8 a左右的周期为主。另外,积雪日数的增加主要出现在≥10 cm的积雪深度上;积雪初、终日期并没有表现出明显的提前或推迟。 相似文献
957.
The radiative forcing and climate response due to black carbon(BC) in snow and/or ice were investigated by integrating observed effects of BC on snow/ice albedo into an atmospheric general circulation model(BCC AGCM2.0.1) developed by the National Climate Center(NCC) of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA).The results show that the global annual mean surface radiative forcing due to BC in snow/ice is +0.042 W m 2,with maximum forcing found over the Tibetan Plateau and regional mean forcing exceeding +2.8 W m 2.The global annual mean surface temperature increased 0.071 C due to BC in snow/ice.Positive surface radiative forcing was clearly shown in winter and spring and increased the surface temperature of snow/ice in the Northern Hemisphere.The surface temperatures of snow-covered areas of Eurasia and North America in winter(spring) increased by 0.83 C(0.6 C) and 0.83 C(0.46 C),respectively.Snowmelt rates also increased greatly,leading to earlier snowmelt and peak runoff times.With the rise of surface temperatures in the Arctic,more water vapor could be released into the atmosphere,allowing easier cloud formation,which could lead to higher thermal emittance in the Arctic.However,the total cloud forcing could decrease due to increasing cloud cover,which will offset some of the positive feedback mechanism of the clouds. 相似文献
958.
塔城盆地暴雪预报方法和白灾的防御对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从1970--1997年28a的资料中筛选出30个个例为对象,对其从高、中、低、地面4个层次形势场进行对比和分类,对产生暴雪的物理机制进行诊断分析,采用统计预报中的多因子综合相关预报方法筛选预报因子,用集合预报方法集成预报结果。据此提出畜牧业生产防御暴雪的对策。 相似文献
959.
塔城地区积雪变化特征分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用1961--2005年塔城地区7个气象站,4个水文站实测积雪资料,分析了近45a塔城地区积雪变化特征,得出以下结论:塔城地区积雪时空分布不均,地域差异大,不论是积雪日数、稳定积雪日数、累积积雪深度均以Ⅰ型最多(大),其次为Ⅱ型,Ⅲ型最少(小);近45a和布克赛尔站积雪日数、稳定积雪期显著增多,裕民站积雪日数不显著增多,托里站积雪日数、稳定积雪期呈显著减少,其余各站均呈不显著减少趋势;塔城地区3种类型的积雪对区域气候变化有着不同程度的响应,各站最大积雪深度对冬季降水量的响应较敏感;近45a和布克赛尔站累积积雪深度序列在20世纪60年代末至今发生过一次显著增多的突变,突变点为1969年。 相似文献
960.