Shear wave propagation along infinite slopes: A theoretically based numerical study

In this paper, the seismic response of ‘infinitely’ long slopes is numerically analysed via the formulation of a 1D analytical/numerical model, in which the soil mechanical behaviour is assumed to be elasto‐perfectly viscoplastic and simple shear (SS) kinematical constraints are imposed. In order to simplify the problem, a theoretically based procedure to set up a fully 1D shear constitutive model is defined, within which the mechanical response of a multiaxial relationship is condensed. The use of a 1D shear constitutive model is aimed at reducing the number of unknowns and, therefore, the computational costs. In particular, the case of the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is considered, while an enhanced Taylor–Galerkin finite element algorithm is employed to simulate the seismic wave propagation within the soil stratum. The proposed ‘condensation’/calibration procedure captures both the ‘pseudo’‐hardening pre‐failure behaviour and the influence of dilation on the occurrence of strain‐localization, which characterize, under SS conditions, the static response of virgin perfectly plastic soils. The effectiveness of the conceived method is shown with reference to freshly deposited deposits, while, in the case of highly overconsolidated strata, some difficulties arise because of the brittle behaviour induced both by unloading and non‐associativeness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Slump debris flows in the Akovolwo Mountains area of Benue State,Nigeria

In September 1979, rain-induced complex landslides occurred in two separate localities along the slopes of the Akovolwo Mountains near Jato-Aka in the Kwande Local Government area of Benue State, Nigeria.The two movements developed on bedrock slopes covered by a veneer of colluvium and (or) residuum no more than 1.5 to 2m deep. Each started as a slump and graduated into a debris flow. The slump, extending downhill a short distance away from the head scarp, had been reconstituted into a debris flow as the initial movement (sliding movement) of the soil mass caused remoulding of the saturated moving mass into viscous debris-laden mud. The resulting mass moved partly along a pre-existing mountain stream channel and partly along a fresh channel it cleared in the savanna forest. At the break of slope, the mass of boulders was dumped and a trail of smaller fragments littered the channels towards the Katsina-Ala River.     

A temporal model for landslide risk based on historical precipitation

Of the recognized nonsteady-state factors that influence slope stability, probably most critical in many field situations is the character of precipitation and infiltration activity. A groundwater response model used in conjunction with precipitation records can provide a historical catalog of estimated maximum groundwater levels in a particular study area. An extreme-value statistical analysis of this catalog is linked with geotechnical slope stability analyses to provide a landslide hazard model for estimating the probability of slope failure within a given time. This modeling approach can provide meaningful input to risk assessments for landslide mitigation programs and to decision analyses and cost-benefit studies important for land-use planning and resource management.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川与空冰斗辐射气候的计算结果

提要 在朝向、坡度和山体遮蔽度影响下,与水平面相比朝北冰川和朝南空冰斗在太阳偏角为15°,0°和-10°时的平均太阳辐射能量损失分别是40.6％和21.0％。1号冰川东支夏季消融期内自然冰雪面辐射场内辐射平衡各分量平均日总量值受地形因素和反射性能的控制而显示出由西北侧向东南侧逐渐降低的带状分布规律。晴朗少云天气下的总辐射和有效辐射的垂直梯度分别是14.52Wm~(-2)/100m和2.77Wm~(-2)/100m。     

Shear resistance of jointed rock masses and stability calculation of rock slopes

Summary Based on an extension to a model originally proposed by Zhang (1990), a method for estimating the shear strength of a jointed rock mass containing two joint sets is developed. Compared to the original method in which only a single en-echelon joint set was considered, the new method has the following advantages: (1) it allows a much more realistic joint pattern to be incorporated; (2) the effects of joint connectivity and intersection angle between joint sets on shear strength are included. Use of the new method is demonstrated by application to the calculation of the stability of slopes in jointed rock. The importance of joint connectivity, joint persistence and joint set intersection angle on slope stability, as predicted by the model, is revealed.     

贵州长顺代化石炭系中间界线的沉积相研究

在碳酸盐微相的详细研究基础上，贵州长顺代化下、上石炭统剖面由下至上可分出５个主要沉积相：盆地相、开阔海陆架相、下斜坡相、中斜坡相和上斜坡相，下、上石炭统界线处于连续沉积的中斜坡相内。     

对蓬安县三元水库大坝外坡裂缝产生的原因及整治工程的探讨

本文通过对蓬安县三元水库大坝外坡裂缝产生的原因分析，进而运用岩、土力学的理论与方法反算推论出了裂缝的产生不是深层坝体土滑动引起的，而是局部浅层坝体土在水的诱发作用下作蠕滑-拉裂变形所产生的。在明确了大坝裂缝产生的原因后，提出了一系列相应整治工程措施，以达到彻底根治裂缝和稳固大坝的目的。     

Simulation of flow over pool-riffle topography: A consideration of the velocity reversal hypothesis

Computer flow simulations using the HEC-2 step-backwater routine are used to demonstrate the effect of systematically varying river channel width, riffle spacing and channel roughness on the shear velocity, section-mean velocity and energy slope in fixed-bed pool-riffle sequences. Initial scaling is obtained by utilizing published information on hydraulic parameters within reaches of the River Severn. Subsequently this restriction is relaxed and the effect of varying parameter combinations within realistic limits is explored. The purpose of this exercise is to isolate those scenarios which may preclude or promote the occurrence of a competence ‘reversal’, such that pools scour at high flow whilst deposition occurs on riffles. It is concluded that rivers in which pools are hydraulically rougher than riffles are likely to demonstrate a competence reversal. For prescribed conditions, the critical discharge at which a reversal occurs is a negative function of riffle spacing and riffle width relative to pool width. Downstream variation in hydraulic roughness also has implications for the phase relationship of shear velocity maxima and minima in relation to the extremes in pool-riffle topography.     

Dynamics of fluvial and slope processes in the changing geomorphic environment of singapore

The nature and rates of fluvial and slope processes change over time and space as urbanized areas replace forested land in Singapore. Storm-based and time-based data, from undisturbed rainforests, heavily disturbed construction sites, urban grass-covered slopes and an experimental plot, are collected to observe the impact of rainwater on the soil moisture conditions, surface microtopography, runoff generation, sediment movement, and ground lowering in the three different categories of land use. The undisturbed forested environment is characterized by high throughfall (58% of total rainfall) and frequent negative soil moisture suctions. The slow and unconcentrated overland flow during heavy storms is restricted by the forest floor microtopography. No rills develop. Ground lowering is recorded as 3·2–3·4 mm a^?1. But sediment movement is episodic and suspended sediment concentrations in overland flow are 172–222 mg l^?1. During urban construction, gully development is rapid on the bare slopes, runoff generation, voluminous, and sediment-laden discharges (5200–75498 mg l^?1) lead to sediment plumes at channel mouths. Ground lowering rates are measured at 132·4 mm a^?1. Once grass-covered, runoff carries less suspended sediment (800 mg l^?1) and ground lowering rates are reduced, but depend on the condition of the cover, ranging from 0·2 to 8·2 mm a^?1. As urban development continues, environments are altered both in time as well as spatially.     

祁连山北坡水热条件对林草分布的影响

采用气候学方法,计算了祁连山北坡不同海拔处的年降水量和乔木林年蒸散量,据此确定了满足乔木林需水的高度带。分析所得的7月均温10℃和6℃,可分别作为乔木林和灌木林生长的温度下限指标。据祁连山北坡水热条件的分布特点,确定了海拔2500—3200米处适宜发展乔木林,其生长以海拔2700—2900米处为最佳,海拔3200—3700米处适宜发展灌木林,其余山区只能生长草类。