Landslide scar/soil erodibility mapping using Landsat TM/ETM+ bands 7 and 3 Normalised Difference Index: A case study of central region of Kenya

Landsat series multispectral remote sensing imagery has gained increasing attention in providing solutions to environmental problems such as land degradation which exacerbate soil erosion and landslide disasters in the case of rainfall events. Multispectral data has facilitated the mapping of soils, land-cover and structural geology, all of which are factors affecting landslide occurrence. The main aim of this research was to develop a methodology to visualize and map past landslides as well as identify land degradation effects through soil erosion and land-use using remote sensing techniques in the central region of Kenya. The study area has rugged terrain and rainfall has been the main source of landslide trigger. The methodology comprised visualizing landslide scars using a False Colour Composite (FCC) and mapping soil erodibility using FCC components applying expert based classification. The components of the FCC were: the first independent component (IC1), Principal Component (PC) with most geological information, and a Normalised Difference Index (NDI) involving Landsat TM/ETM+ band 7 and 3.The FCC components formed the inputs for knowledge-based classification with the following 13 classes: runoff, extreme erosions, other erosions, landslide areas, highly erodible, stable, exposed volcanic rocks, agriculture, green forest, new forest regrowth areas, clear, turbid and salty water. Validation of the mapped landslide areas with field GPS locations of landslide affected areas showed that 66% of the points coincided well with landslide areas mapped in the year 2000. The classification maps showed landslide areas on the steep ridge faces, other erosions in agricultural areas, highly erodible zones being already weathered rocks, while runoff were mainly fluvial deposits. Thus, landuse and rainfall processes play a major role in inducing landslides in the study area.     

基于灰色理论的滑坡变形反演与预测研究

以紫阳县城滑坡为例,采用灰色理论的单序列一阶线性动态模型,在探讨滑坡变形规律的基础上,着重研究了滑坡变形的趋势预测及主要特征点变形的位移反演,为全面研究滑坡各阶段的变形规律提出了一种分析方法     

STORAGE OF MINING-RELATED ZINC IN FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS,BLUE RIVER,WISCONSIN

This study investigates spatial patterns of sediment-associated zinc (Zn) storage in floodplain deposits and the potential reintroduction of these metal-contaminated sediments to the active channel by bank erosion. We estimate patterns of Zn mass storage by combining longitudinal trends in Zn concentrations with measurements of sediment mass storage in overbank and point-bar deposits. Overbank deposits are the largest contaminant sink, storing five times more Zn than the point-bar deposits. While Zn concentrations decrease downstream because of dilution effects, the total mass of Zn stored in floodplains is greatest in both the upstream reaches and in the wider lower valleys where low channel gradients promote rapid sedimentation. Zn storage is low in middle reaches where steep, narrow valleys with high stream power favor sediment transport over deposition. Overall, more than half of the Zn released by mining remains stored in floodplain deposits within the watershed. The remobilization of Zn from storage is more likely in the upstream and mid-basin reaches where high stream power increases rates of lateral channel migration. Channels in the lower valley lack the stream power to migrate laterally and remobilize the large Zn mass stored in overbank sediments. [Key words: floodplains, Zn contamination, mining, stream power, Wisconsin.]     

陕西高楼滑坡机理研究

在研究黄土滑坡流滑机理时,发现残余强度是坡体是否发生流滑的关键因素,评价残余强度就需要很好的了解饱和黄土在不排水条件下的性能。以陕西省华县高楼村黄土滑坡为背景,通过对现场黄土的固结不排水三轴试验,研究饱和黄土在不排水剪切条件下的应力状态和孔隙水压力增长模式;探讨决定黄土性能的参数;建立了黄土稳态时的孔隙比与有效围压之间的关系曲线即稳态线,用来判断黄土液化之后是否会发生流滑破坏;在此基础上对华县滑坡的流滑破坏机理做了系统的分析。     

海阳东刘家地区金矿化特征及成矿模式探讨

通过对东刘家地区金矿床地质特征的分析研究,认为该区金矿床受层间滑动构造系统控制,赋存于古元古代荆山群或侵入其中的二长花岗岩之中,其矿床成因为多源多期中低温热液型.     

A longitudinal study of malaria associated with deforestation in Sonitpur district of Assam,India

Assam–Arunachal forest fringed foothill area is endemic for malaria incidence. The present study deals with the temporal analysis of malaria incidence and determines its association with deforestation in 24 villages along the Assam–Arunachal forest fringed foothill area of Sonitpur district of Assam. Malaria epidemiological survey has been carried out in the study area from the year 1994 to 2005. Remote sensing (RS) technique has been used to map the areas of forest changes from the year 2000 to 2005. Geographical information system (GIS) was used to map the malaria incidence and forest cover. The study villages are endemic to malaria infections and there was increasing trend of malaria incidence over the years. The slide positivity rate (SPR) ranged from 5.1% in 1997 to 44.4% in 2005. The percentage forest cover decreased significantly from 23.6% during 2000 to 15.4% during 2005, whereas SPR was increased during 2000–2005. The present study is the first attempt to understand the role of deforestation in malaria incidence using RS and GIS in the north-eastern region of India at a micro-geographic level. The study suggests that the area is endemic to malaria transmission. The decrease in forest cover is a serious ecological concern besides its role in elevating the malaria incidence in the study area.     

Was Grand Banks event of 1929 a slump spreading in two directions?

This paper describes a kinematic model of tsunami generated by submarine slides and slumps spreading in two orthogonal directions. This model is a generalization of our previously studied models spreading in one direction. We show that focusing and amplification of tsunami amplitudes can occur in an arbitrary direction, determined by the velocities of spreading. This kinematic model is used to interpret the asymmetric distribution of observed tsunami amplitudes following the Grand Banks earthquake—slump of 1929.     

盾构法施工中楔形体模型滑裂面倾角的研究

在盾构开挖面极限支护力的计算理论中,楔形体模型由于简单、直观而得到广泛的应用,但确定滑动面倾角 较为繁琐,尤其是在迎坡条件下的研究较少。在梯形楔形体模型的基础上,通过引入盾构隧道的纵坡坡度角θ,建立了迎坡条件下的盾构开挖面极限支护力计算模型,推导出开挖面极限支护力计算公式。对开挖面支护力计算值的数据分析发现,不考虑渗流力和黏聚力的影响时,滑动面倾角 仅受隧道线路纵向坡度角 的影响较大,而土的内摩擦角c、重度 、开挖面直径D、埋深H和地表附加应力q对其影响很小;考虑黏聚力c的影响时,c≤11 kPa时滑动面的倾角 随黏聚力的增大逐渐减小,且当黏聚力、内摩擦角和开挖面直径一定时,滑动面倾角 只在某一特定数值附近小幅度变化,同时当开挖面直径D>5 m时,滑动面倾角随开挖面直径的增大而增大;土的重度、地表附加应力和埋深对滑动面倾角的数值影响不大,计算滑动面倾角时可不考虑它们的影响。在分析研究基础上得到了滑动面倾角 的计算公式,简化了极限支护力的求解过程。     

散粒体滑坡涌浪运动特征与能量转化规律研究

滑坡涌浪灾害造成的伤亡和损失一般远超滑坡灾害本身,已引起广泛关注。针对该类灾害的预测评价一直是研究的难点,精细刻画滑坡涌浪运动特征和能量转化规律是解决问题的关键和前提。因此,以天然碎石模拟散粒体滑坡,建立缩尺的矩形水槽滑坡涌浪三维物理试验模型,研究滑坡体积、速度和水深对堆积体形态和涌浪特征的影响以及滑体与水体能量转化规律。研究结论包括：（1）滑体通过冲击、挤压和抬升水体形成涌浪的特征受滑体规模和形态影响显著;厚度大且速度快的滑体趋向产生非线性过渡波,厚度小且速度低的滑体一般产生非线性震荡波;（2）基于试验提出的体积效应和速度效应揭示了一定水深的涌浪规模与滑坡体积和速度呈正相关规律,水深效应则解释了一定波能的涌浪在波形和速度上的分布差异,结果表明浅水比深水工况涌浪高度平均高出67%、波速平均高出51.17%;（3）基于试验的数值反演总结了滑体势能与波能转化率为1.00%~3.07%,由于三维试验中滑体与水体在水平和环向的扩散造成更多能量耗散,相较二维试验转化率较低。通过探讨散粒体滑坡运动过程和首浪产生、传播及爬高特征,揭示滑体-水体能量转化基本规律,研究成果对滑坡涌浪防灾减灾工作具有一定的理论价值和意义。     

三峡库区滑带土抗剪强度参数的影响因素研究

针对三峡库区滑带（体）土的多样性和复杂性及其抗剪强度参数的离散性,对影响滑带抗剪强度参数的主要因素进行了试验研究,这些主要因素有试点的地质代表性、试验尺寸、试验数量、应力大小、含水率及剪切面的形态等,尤其是性状不均匀的粉质粘土和碎石土,这些因素的影响更大。滑带性状在不同的部位是变化的,试点部位的选择直接影响参数的代表性,应根据剪切面的性状结合滑带的主要特征确定具有具有代表性的参数;对性状接近的滑带土进行了两种面积不同的比较试验,剪切面积宜大于2 500 cm2,否则,c, ? 值有较大的离散性;在同一场地进行3组且每组5～6点的对比试验,根据1组6点不同正应力的组合得出的c, ? 值最大相差0.5～1.0倍,说明1组试验的数量不宜少于5点;不同饱水状态的对比试验说明,含水率越大,c, ? 值越低;正应力大小及其在各个试点上的分布应结合滑带的性状及滑带的埋深合理选择;对于性状不均匀的粉质粘土和碎石土,碎石含量和粒径大小在剪切面上的分布对c, ? 值的影响也十分显著。因此,应在规程规范的基础上结合工程特点和滑带的环境条件制定合适的试验方案,尽可能减小误差,还应结合滑带的宏观特征及试点实际情况进行综合分析,提出具有代表性的参数建议值。