长江巫峡岸坡座滑式危岩稳定性研究——以望霞座滑式危岩为例

通过对长江巫峡望霞座滑式危岩调查研究表明,在川东平行岭谷一系列平行展布的背斜山、向斜谷的窄岭宽谷地貌格局控制作用下,长江巫峡横石溪背斜岸坡近水平的灰岩与页岩、泥岩软硬互层结构为座滑式危岩的孕育提供了有利条件;对危岩软弱基座矿物成分 X-Ray 衍射的结果表明,绿泥石、云母、蒙脱石等层状结构硅酸盐矿物含量较高,其抗剪强度低,容易产生滑动,易沿主控结构面方向形成潜在破坏面,导致岩体整体剪出,发生座滑破坏。根据危岩发育机理,将三峡地区座滑式危岩破坏过程归纳为四个阶段,即：拉裂阶段、扩展阶段、失稳阶段和后期破坏阶段;并基于极限平衡理论和岩体结构理论,推导了座滑式危岩破坏的两组结构面的应力表达式,建立了座滑式危岩稳定性分析的力学模型。将该方法运用到望霞座滑式危岩案例计算表明,天然状况下危岩稳定系数为1.19,属于基本稳定岩体;在饱和状态下,随后缘裂隙充水高度的增加其稳定系数递减,当裂隙充水高度为10 m 时,稳定系数为1.15,当裂隙充水高度为20 m 时,稳定系数为1.07。     

How does multiscale modelling and inclusion of realistic palaeobathymetry affect numerical simulation of the Storegga Slide tsunami?

The ∼8.15 ka Storegga submarine slide was a large (∼3000 km³), tsunamigenic slide off the coast of Norway. The resulting tsunami had run-up heights of around 10–20 m on the Norwegian coast, over 12 m in Shetland, 3–6 m on the Scottish mainland coast and reached as far as Greenland. Accurate numerical simulations of Storegga require high spatial resolution near the coasts, particularly near tsunami run-up observations, and also in the slide region. However, as the computational domain must span the whole of the Norwegian-Greenland sea, employing uniformly high spatial resolution is computationally prohibitive. To overcome this problem, we present a multiscale numerical model of the Storegga slide-generated tsunami where spatial resolution varies from 500 m to 50 km across the entire Norwegian-Greenland sea domain to optimally resolve the slide region, important coastlines and bathymetric changes. We compare results from our multiscale model to previous results using constant-resolution models and show that accounting for changes in bathymetry since 8.15 ka, neglected in previous numerical studies of the Storegga slide-tsunami, improves the agreement between the model and inferred run-up heights in specific locations, especially in the Shetlands, where maximum run-up height increased from 8 m (modern bathymetry) to 13 m (palaeobathymetry). By tracking the Storegga tsunami as far south as the southern North sea, we also found that wave heights were high enough to inundate Doggerland, an island in the southern North Sea prior to sea level rise over the last 8 ka.     

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway,through the detailed analysis of its geological condition.Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide,take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide.The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock,so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway, through the detailed analysis of its geological condition. Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide, take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide. The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock, so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

四川省某长江大桥引道滑坡形成机理及处治措施

四川省某长江大桥引道K11＋580～K11＋725段原设计为填方,在填筑的过程中,填筑路堤及斜坡面出现不规则的裂缝,经现场勘察确定该段填方路堤筑于古滑坡上,填方加载作用引起古滑坡局部复活;结合支挡、减载、排水等处治措施,制定了预应力锚索抗滑桩、普通抗滑桩、桥梁三个方案,从经济、合理的角度考虑,采用锚索抗滑桩方案。     

核磁共振测深方法的新进展

核磁共振测深(MRS)方法是目前唯一直接探查地下水的新方法.本文概要介绍了参加第二届核磁共振测深(MRS)国际学术研讨会的主要收获.阐述了核磁共振找水仪的研制和进展以及扩大了MRS方法的应用领域方面的情况.在应用MRS方法探测地下水取得很大成效的此基础上,我们率先用MRS方法进行了三峡滑坡监测和秦始皇陵考古工作,又取得了新成果.     

Quaternary tectonics and large-scale gravitational deformations with evidence of rock-slide displacements in the Central Apennines (central Italy)

Eight cases of large-scale gravitational movements (with evidence of rock-slide type displacements) evolving close to Quaternary faults have been analysed in the Central Apennines. Geomorphological and structural surveys have defined the relationship between the gravitational displacements and the tectonically-controlled modifications of the landscape. The evolution of all the investigated cases has been conditioned by the presence of fault planes located along the mountain slopes. In most cases (Mt. Cefalone, Cima della Fossa, Villavallelonga, Casali d'Aschi, Gioia dei Marsi), the faults played or are playing a primary role in increasing the local relief and their activity represents the main geomorphic factor conditioning the gravitational movements. This kind of relationship has been observed along mountain slopes bordering depressions which have not been drained for most of their geomorphic history or have been characterised by an evolution of the hydrographic network that has been conditioned only by the local tectonic subsidence. In such cases, the gravitational movements develop in the footwalls of the faults. In other cases (Fiamignano, Pescasseroli) the faults have played a passive role, since they only bound the sliding masses and coincide with the surficial expressions of the sliding planes. Therefore, the gravitational displacements develop in the hangingwall of the faults. The evolution is conditioned by the incision of the hydrographic network in response to regional Quaternary uplift. The illustrated case studies provide a wide range of examples of the gravitational response of slopes to the modifications of the landscape due to linear and areal tectonics. The identification of the geomorphic traces of the large-scale gravitational movements along fault-controlled mountain fronts has implications for hazard, particularly for the evolution of the displacement. The quantitative analysis of the vertical displacements and data on the characteristics of the surface breaking during historical earthquakes demonstrate that along-fault offsets strongly increases where the unstable large-scale rock masses are located. Therefore, the large coseismic vertical offset may represent a major problem for the displacement of utilities and may represent a potential cause for the sudden and catastrophic evolution of the gravitational movement.     

Mass movement-induced fold-and-thrust belt structures in unconsolidated sediments in Lake Lucerne (Switzerland)

High-resolution seismic imaging and piston coring in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland, have revealed surprising deformation structures in flat-lying, unconsolidated sediment at the foot of subaqueous slopes. These deformation structures appear beneath wedges of massflow deposits and resemble fold-and-thrust belts with basal décollement surfaces. The deformation is interpreted as the result of gravity spreading induced by loading of the slope-adjacent lake floor during massflow deposition. This study investigated four earthquake-triggered lateral mass-movement deposits in Lake Lucerne affecting four sections of the lake floor with areas ranging from 0·25 to 6·5 km² in area. Up to 6 m thick sediment packages draping the subaqueous slopes slid along the acoustic basement. The resulting failure scars typically lie in water depths of >30 m on slopes characterized by downward steepening and inclinations of >10°. From the base-of-slope to several hundred metres out onto the flat plains, the wedges of massflow deposits overlie deeply (10–20 m) deformed basin-plain sediment characterized by soft sediment fold-and-thrust belts with arcuate strikes and pronounced frontal thrusts. The intensity of deformation decreases towards the more external parts of the massflow wedges. Beyond the frontal thrust, the overridden lake floor remains mostly undisturbed. Geometrical relationships between massflow deposits and the deformed basin-plain sediment indicate that deformation occurred mainly during massflow deposition. Gravity spreading induced by the successive collapse of the growing slope-adjacent massflow wedge is proposed as the driving mechanism for the deformation. The geometry of fjord-type lakes with sharp lower slope breaks favours the deposition of thick, basin-marginal massflow wedges, that effectively load and deform the underlying sediment. In the centre of the basins, the two largest massflow deposits described are directly overlain by thick contained (mega-)turbidites, interpreted as combined products of the suspension clouds set up by subaqueous mass movements and related tsunami and seiche waves.     

滑坡治理中的抗滑桩设计

抗滑桩因其抗滑能力强,适用条件广泛,对滑坡的根治性能好等突出优点而被广泛地应用于滑坡治理中。但由于以往“表格”计算方式的限制,在其设计应用中存在一些不尽如人意的地方。对滑坡治理中抗滑桩的应用、桩身形变、内力、钢筋混凝土桩的结构设计进行分析,给出了不同地基系数条件下的桩内力表达式、不同位移及转角边界条件下桩身变形,以及钢筋混凝土桩的结构形式。编制了从滑坡推力计算至桩结构设计的全套应用程序,从而使抗滑桩的分析快捷、准确、实用性更强。     

三峡水库区城镇滑坡分布及发育规律

以2003年3月的1/5万航片为主要遥感信息源,1/1万地形图为地理控制信息源;采用“数字滑坡”技术方法在三峡水库区中前段8个城镇调查区获取了投影面积大于1000m2的826个滑坡的分布及其发育环境的基本信息。分析表明各调查区滑坡分布的平均地面密度有较大差异。其中大坝-秭归调查区最低,约1.6‰,巴东、奉节区滑坡分布地面密度最大,分别达到8.0%、7.6%;各区滑坡均有明显的集中密集分布特点。巫山县北岸为调查区滑坡分布线密度最大的岸坡;滑坡堆积的后前缘在海拔970~65m范围,区域滑坡分布最高高程与该区的地势相应,前缘最低高程与该处最低侵蚀基准面相当。本区80%以上的滑坡分布在海拔400~100m——人类活动最强烈的高程范围。滑坡分布特征揭示地层是控制三峡水库区中前段滑坡发育的最重要的地质环境因素。提出“易滑指数—ES”和“区域易滑指数—RES”概念,以此说明区内各地层易于发育滑坡的程度及其分布比例。三叠系中统巴东组T2b和侏罗系沙溪庙组J2s为调查区分布最广、发育滑坡最多、滑坡平均规模最大的易滑地层。构造对滑坡分布的控制作用表现在当褶皱构造走向与江河走向一致时,滑坡大部发育在顺层坡,特别是近轴部位置;当褶皱与江河斜交时,其对滑坡分布的控制作用不明显。滑坡前缘分布持征表明江河侵蚀是诱发本区滑坡的重要因素。三峡水库蓄水后侵蚀条件改变,滑坡活动将增加,其大部分由人类不合理活动诱发。