新疆乌伦古湖冰滑痕特征及其形成机理

新疆乌伦古湖滨湖地区发育一种特殊的冰滑痕。冰滑痕长度可达数十米,宽度可达1~5 m。冰滑痕的形态类似于推土机推过的痕迹,其基本形态由头部、侧翼和滑动面三部分构成。头部发育丘形沙堆,侧翼发育线状沙脊,滑动面总体平整,局部发育冰融沙锥、冰融水滴坑、工具痕、冰融痕、次级滑痕等伴生沉积构造。冰滑痕是湖冰破碎后向岸漂移并在岸上滑移形成的。冰滑痕的形态和规模受湖面风力、湖冰的厚度、湖冰的动能、冰块的大小、冰块底部的光滑程度、湖岸的地形和坡度、湖滩沉积物的粒度和成分构成等多种因素的综合影响。冰滑痕的形成经历了:①湖冰破裂阶段;②浮冰向浅水区运动开始接触湖底阶段;③水下冰滑痕形成阶段;④陆上冰滑痕形成阶段;⑤冰融阶段等5个阶段。冰滑痕主要出现在乌伦古湖的水下滨湖带、冰坝堆积带、湖冰活动带和湖冰影响带等四个微相带。冰滑痕形成后接受湖泊波浪和陆地风的改造并逐渐被埋藏保存到地层记录中。乌伦古湖的冰滑痕是在特殊的气候背景和天气条件下形成的,因而既具有重要的古气候指示意义,又具有重要的古湖泊沉积环境指示意义。     

加拿大COSTA计划简介

加拿大COSTA(Continental Slope Stabmty)计划是加拿大首次开展的海底滑坡运动综合研究项目。加拿大学者通过参加欧洲cOsTA计划,与欧洲学者建立了稳定的学术交流和资料与信息共享联系,学习和引进欧洲先进的调查方法、手段和技术,提高加拿大海底滑坡研究水平。同时,还将研究成果应用于欧洲地区的海底斜坡稳定性分析,以检验研究结果的实用性。该计划为期4a,统计海底滑坡事件的清单,调查和研究滑坡体的特征、触发机制、滑坡距离、范围和破坏结果等,建立一套三维滑坡风险评价方法。介绍了加拿大COSTA计划的总体研究思路和技术路线,为我国开展海底斜坡稳定性研究提供新思路。     

埋置式抗滑桩在滑坡治理中的应用

通过地质调绘、钻探等地质勘查手段,查明了织纳高速公路龙井河特大桥桥位区堆积体滑坡的工程地质、水文地质条件,对滑坡进行了稳定性计算分析。通过静力平衡原理对埋置式抗滑桩进行了受力分析简化计算,确定了埋置式抗滑桩的埋置深度和悬臂段长度,为埋置式抗滑桩在实际工程中的运用提供了实用的设计方法,滑坡治理达到预期效果。     

Debris flow initiation and sediment recharge in gullies

Landslides that enter gullied low-order drainages can either initiate debris flow or stop, depositing sediment in the channel. This process is one of the most common ways that debris flows initiate, but little attention to date has been paid to evaluating the factors that affect whether or not the initial landslide will become a debris flow or deposit sediment in the channel. Statistically significant parameters that determine whether slope failures become debris flows or act to recharge in-channel sediment are channel gradient, angle of entry of failure into the channel, initial failure volume, and the amount of in-channel stored sediment. Steeper channels, low angles of entry, lower volumes of in-channel sediment, and larger initial failures were more likely to result in debris flows. This study found that as the volume of in-channel stored sediment increased, the volume of initial failure required to initiate a debris flow also increased. This result calls into question the simple supply-limited model of cyclical debris recharge and debris flow in low-order gullied drainages and suggests a negative feedback mechanism between debris accumulation and debris flow susceptibility.     

我国露天矿边坡工程研究成果与进展

基于国家“八五”重点科技攻关研究成果,结合当前边坡工程研究现状,阐述我国露天矿边坡科学技术研究的新成就及未来发展。其成就的主要特点是将传统追求的“边坡稳定”的单一目标变为“边坡安全可靠”和“经济实效”双重目标,从以往静态的、定数的分析方法发展为动态的、不确定性的分析研究方法,并引进经济学原理和决策分析理论及融合计算机管理技术,使之形成边坡科学研究、设计、生产、管理的一套完整体系。方法新颖,更具实用     

Lithofacies and origin of late Quaternary mass transport deposits in submarine canyons, central Scotian Slope, Canada

Mass transport deposits, up to 3·9 m thick, have been identified from piston cores collected from canyon floors and inter-canyon ridges on the central Scotian Slope. These deposits are characterized by four distinct mass-transport facies – folded mud, dipping stratified mud, various types of mud-clast conglomerate, and diamicton. Commonly, the folded and stratified mud facies are overlain by mud-clast conglomerate, followed by diamicton and then by turbidity current deposits of well-sorted sand. Stratified and folded mud facies were sourced from canyon walls. Overconsolidation in clasts in some mud-clast conglomerates indicates that the source sediment was buried 12–33 m, much deeper than the present cored depth, implying a source in canyon heads and canyon walls. The known stratigraphic framework for the region and new radiocarbon dating suggests that there were four or five episodes of sediment failure within the past 17 ka, most of which are found in more than one canyon system. The most likely mechanism for triggering occasional, synchronous failures in separate canyons is seismic ground shaking. The facies sequence is interpreted as resulting from local slides being overlain by mud-clast conglomerate deposits derived from failures farther upslope and finally by coarser-grained deposits resulting from retrogressive failure re-mobilizing upper slope sediments to form debrisflows and turbidity currents.     

黄河水下三角洲铁板砂形成的探讨

黄河水下三角洲浅表存在一定厚度的硬壳层,俗称\     

The January 10, 1997 Pozzano landslide, Sorrento Peninsula, Italy

From 1997 to 1999, a huge number of slides, often turning into extremely rapid debris-earth flows, repeatedly affected the late Quaternary volcaniclastic deposits mantling the carbonate slopes of Campania region, Italy. The Sorrento Peninsula was the epicentral district of the 1997 regional slope-instability crisis. Some hundred shallow mass movements took place during January 1997 in this area. These were the last episode of a long series of slope failure events dating back to mid-18th century. Results from geological and geomorphologic surveys are presented. Landslide mechanism and triggering factors are analysed for the most important mass movement, which occurred during the January 9-11, 1997, regional event. On January 10, 1997, at about 8:15 PM, a rainfall-induced debris slide-debris flow occurred at Pozzano (province of Naples), mainly affecting the 79 AD pyroclastic products. Following a J-path, the landslide destroyed a private house and invaded the State Road no. 145. This event resulted in four deaths, 22 persons injured and road closure for about 2 months. There was less than 200 mm of rainfall in the 72-h period prior to the landslide, although intense precipitation had occurred during a preceding 4-month period. However, the slope failure event was not preceded by an extreme short-term antecedent rainfall, as already noticed in previous landslides of this type in Campania. Finally, following a preliminary geotechnical characterization of volcaniclastic soils, a slope-stability back analysis was carried out, which adopted the classical infinite slope scheme. This analysis gave further evidence of the role played by pore pressure in reducing the overall shear strength of pyroclastic soils.     

Residual strength after liquefaction: A rheological approach

The motion of a sphere pulled through liquefied sand of low relative density has been observed. Long triaxial specimens were prepared around a 12.7 mm-diameter sphere loaded by a wire/deadweight system. Velocities and drag forces were measured over a large range of shear strains and strain rates. Typical behavior involved a rapid drop to a non-zero minimum drag resistance followed by an increase in resistance with velocity. These results suggest that residual strength of sand after liquefaction is rate-dependent, and that the Bingham Plastic model seems a reasonable fit to the observed behavior over a large range of sliding velocities. Shear stresses calculated from the hydrodynamics of the sphere are of the same order as those inferred from field case histories.     

古元古代拉伸构造模式──以胶北、辽东和吉南地区为例

对胶北．辽东和吉南地区古元古代层状岩系第一系构造变形作的详细研究和综合分析，并以此为典型实例，提出了古元古代拉伸构造模式，即隆起一顺层分层滑脱构造模式。该模式由核部隆起和上部盖居及两者之间的拆离型韧性剪切带三部分组成。核部隆起常由岩浆隆起或基底隆起构成，上部盖层内发育有顺层分层滑脱构造体系，由底部主滑脱面和内部次级滑脱面、低级滑脱面及其间的流褶居和片理化带构成，靠近核部隆起的盖居表现为正向滑脱，而滑脱前缘则表现为反向滑脱，具有滑覆特征。该模式一般发生在大规模收缩造山作用之前，由于区域拉伸作用，导致壳下地任上隆，形成岩桨隆起或基底隆起，使上覆盖层岩系重力失稳，发生滑脱，内部横向构造置换强烈，形成透入性片理，且平行区域地层层理