半干旱地区流动沙地土壤湿度变异及其对降水的依赖

应用半干旱区科尔沁沙地1983- 1990年5~ 10月份土壤湿度定点观测资料,对流动沙地土壤湿度的时空变异及其与降水关系进行了研究。结果表明:半干旱区科尔沁沙地,在0~ 300cm的垂直剖面上,以20cm作为一个层次,流动沙地土壤湿度多年平均值变化于3.25%~ 3.47%,层次间无显著差异。在时间序列土壤湿度存在年内和年际变异,5月份的土壤湿度与6~ 10月份存在显著差异,但6~ 10月份之间土壤湿度差异不显著。年际间降水量变化于243.3~ 567.1mm (变异系数9505%)之间,流动沙地土壤湿度变化于3.10%~ 3.69% (变异系数18.68%)之间。0~ 40cm土壤湿度与前月降水量不显著相关,但40~ 300cm土壤湿度与前月降水量显著相关,当月降水量与各层土壤湿度均显著相关。     

西藏日喀则流沙固定的几个问题

1995年首次在西藏日喀则进行固沙植物的引种试验,大多数中国内地固沙植物不适应该地的流动沙丘,沙面高温和生长季短是主要制约因素。沙木蓼和籽蒿表现最好;油蒿种子不能成熟,因此不能做后续植物;乡土植物砂生槐在播种当年出苗率低、生长缓慢,只能用做后期植物。在西藏日喀则,有效的植物固沙程序是:在保护措施(草方格沙障、砾石层)下,在流动沙丘上播种外来种沙木蓼、籽蒿和油蒿或移栽籽蒿,同时播种乡土植物砂生槐。在沙木蓼和籽蒿种群衰退、油蒿种群未衰退但不能靠天然下种自行更新时,砂生槐开始发挥固沙作用,并最终凭其适沙特性和长寿命接替先锋固沙植物有效地固定沙丘。选择乡土固沙植物应将重点放在蒿属和锦鸡儿属上。     

Landscape transformation of an Alpine floodplain influenced by humans: historical analyses from aerial images

Natural floodplains are spatially heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystems but at the same time, a highly endangered landscape feature due to climate change and human impacts such as water storage, flood control and hydropower production. Flow is considered a master variable that shapes channel morphology and the heterogeneity, distribution, and turnover of floodplain habitats. Despite their highly dynamic nature, the relative abundance of different habitat elements (islands, gravel bars) in natural floodplains seems to remain relatively constant over ecological periods and is referred to as the shifting mosaic steady state concept. In this conceptual context, we analysed spatiotemporal changes in relative habitat abundance and channel complexity of an alpine floodplain from its near natural state in 1940 before water abstraction and levee construction until 2007 using historical aerial images. Within the first decades of impairment, the relative abundance of floodplain habitats that depend on flood and flow pulses such as parafluvial channels and islands shifted toward a greater abundance of terrestrial forest and grassland habitats. After 1986, the duration and frequencies of high‐precipitation events (>60 mm 24 h^–1) triggering major, channel‐reworking floods increased substantially and caused a restructuring of the floodplain and decrease in the abundance of more terrestrial habitat types. These results are contrary to expectations of the shifting mosaic steady state concept yet suggest its potential application as an indicator of landscape transformation and human impacts on floodplain ecosystems. Last, the results raise the applied question as to whether an increased frequency of high flow events induced by climate change can contribute to floodplain restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

月球的构造演化：嫦娥月图解释的理论基础

基于月球研究资料的整理、综合及嫦娥1月图影像的实例解读和解释,本文介绍并总结了月球的构造及演化研究的若干概念、研究思路和新的观点。通过纲要性勾画,描绘月球不同类型和阶段构造演化的基本轮廓,重点论述了四个方面的问题：对月面建造历史和月球演化的历史进行了修正,将月球演化按照其特点三分为冥、古、新月宙／界,并提出建立南海纪／系的主张;以东海Hevelius抛射建造（／东海群）分析为例,主张建立构造一建造综合分析思路;从抛射建造与月面相互作用的角度,提出并阐述了掘积系统的概念、掘积系统内外带之间划分的新标志即蚀积盂及其所组成的捩侵蚀带（TSZ）;在月球表面形貌构造区划分析的基础上,通过对月盆、月海的时空分布规律的分析、综合,提出月球晚期大轰击（LHB）所造成的月盆开掘期间,具有“轰击漂移”现象,并推测月球LHB过程中出现准对跖翻转;通过对古老月陆区所保存的线性构造解读和构造形迹的组合关系分析,尝试性地提出在冥月宙月球岩浆洋（LMO）演化晚期可能存在单板模式的月全球构造。月球构造演化从初始阶段的LMO所驱动的内动力体制转向冲击造成的外动力体制。     

THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN CHINA

At pressent, China has about 100 million ha of farmland and 1.1 billion inhabitants, of which, about 80% are still engaged in agriculture. In geographical distribution, primitive shifting cultivation was at first mainly scattered in small patches in Eastern Monsoon China, especially concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River and the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. The ratio of agriculture to industry in production value changed from 7:3 in the early 1950s to 3:7 in the middle 1980s. Agricultural Regionalization is based upon agricultural development as well as physical regionalization in China. Seven first-level agricultural regions might be identified.     

SHIFTING SELF-CORRELATION METHOD INITIALY USED IN THE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION DATA

In this paper,we propose a method of seismic prediction using the geo-electric resistivity shifting self-correlation (SSC),and a numerical test is carried out using random time series analysis to verify the validity of the method.The SSC method is applied to the actual observation data of three geo-electric resistivity stations,and results are obtained as follows:(1) SSC coefficient changes in Ganzi and Shandan stations have good correspondence to earthquake,which is represented mainly by the phased increase of correlation coefficient appearing six months to a year before the earthquake.At the same time,the correlation coefficient anomalies of the two stations also exhibit strong anisotropy.(2) Although Chengdu geo-electric resistivity station had suffered serious disturbance,the correlation coefficient anomaly also has a good correspondence with earthquake.In addition to the validity of the SSC method,it may also be attributed to the magnitude of the earthquake event,the smaller distance of epicenter,and the time of the earthquake.Anisotropy also exists in the anomaly at Chengdu station.(3) By comparing the characteristics of different magnitudes of earthquakes,the results are obtained that,when the magnitude of the selected characteristic earthquake is relatively small,the amplitude of the anomaly before earthquake is different,but when the magnitude is larger,for example M_S ≥ 5.0,the impact on the results of this study is very limited.In addition,we briefly discussed the anisotropy of seismic geoelectrical resistivity anomalies and the selection of the characteristic earthquake.     

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘下风向降尘粒度特征

选择乌兰布和沙漠典型流动沙丘进行定点野外观测,分析了沙丘下风向不同距离及不同高度降尘的粒度特征及其来源。结果表明:乌兰布和沙漠降尘空间变化大,降尘以细沙为主,随着距离的增加,细沙物质逐渐减少,粉沙和极细沙含量显著增加。降尘平均粒径2.5~3.1 Φ,且随距离、高度的增加而变大。分选系数随着距离、高度的增加而变差; 2 m高度偏度近乎对称,若设沙丘高度为H,则只有在距离为8 H时正偏,高0.5 m处降尘在距沙丘0.5~1 H近对称,2~8 H皆是正偏;峰度随距离的增加逐渐变窄,且2 m高度的变化晚于0.5 m高度。乌兰布和沙漠降尘以局地物质为主,远源物质及区域物质比例很低。<70 μm的远源物质及区域物质的降尘与下风向距离呈正相关,主要来源于沙漠边缘的荒地、河湖沉积物、农田草地,而>70 μm的局地物质的降尘与下风向距离呈负相关,主要来源于沙丘下垫面沙粒的气流短距离输送。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND REGULATION OF WANDERING RIVERS

ＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＡＮＤＲＥＧＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＷＡＮＤＥＲＩＮＧＲＩＶＥＲＳＸＩＥＪｉａｎｈｅｎｇ（Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｒ，ＭｅｍｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＷｕｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓ...     

Evolution of soil properties on stabilized sands in the Tengger Desert, China

The spatial and temporal patterns of pedogenesis on stabilized dunes at Shapotou, northwestern China, were studied on the time sequences of 0, 18, 35 and 43 years. The spatial pattern of soil formation was estimated by measuring the thickness of accumulated sand fractions on the stabilized dune surface and by analyzing the characteristics and properties of soil. The results showed that the environment of soil formation and circulation of soil material were influenced in the processes of shifting-sand fixation, and the mean soil particle size changed from >0.2 to <0.08 mm in 0–20 cm soil depth with the succession from cultivated plants to natural vegetation. The capacity of available soil water increased fivefold. Deep infiltration of water in soil no longer occurred due to the increase in soil water capacity and the change of redistribution of soil water in profiles. Soil microorganisms evolved from simple to complex. Interaction of these processes obviously brought about accumulation of soil fertility, evolution of soil profiles and development of the profiles towards aripsamments. The difference of micro-topography is closely related to redistribution of material and energy in soil formation.