He,Ne and Ar isotopic composition of Fe-Mn crusts from the western and central Pacific Ocean and implications for their genesis

The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of the upmost layer of Fe-Mn crusts from the western and central Pacific Ocean have been determined. The results indicate that the He and Ar nu- clide abundances and isotopic ratios can be classified into two types: low 3He/4He type and high 3He/4He type. The low 3He/4He type is characterized by high 4He abundances of 191×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 on average, with variable 4He, 20Ne and 40Ar abundances in the range (42.8―421)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, (5.40―141)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, and (773―10976)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, respectively. The high 3He/4He samples are characterized by low 4He abundances of 11.7×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 on average, with 4He, 20Ne and 40Ar abundances in the range of (7.57―17.4)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, (10.4―25.5)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1 and (5354―9050)×10-9 cm3·STP·g-1, respectively. The low 3He/4He samples have 3He/4He ratios (with R/RA ratios of 2.04―2.92) which are lower than those of MORB (R/RA=8±1) and 40Ar/36Ar ratios (447―543) which are higher than those of air (295.5). The high 3He/4He samples have 3He/4He ratios (with R/RA ratios of 10.4―12.0) slightly higher than those of MORB (R/RA=8±1) and 40Ar/36Ar ratios (293―299) very similar to those of air (295.5). The Ne isotopic ratios (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios of 10.3―10.9 and 0.02774―0.03039, respectively) and the 38Ar/36Ar ratios (0.1886―0.1963) have narrow ranges which are very similar to those of air (the 20Ne/22Ne, 21Ne/22Ne, 38Ar/36Ar ratios of 9.80, 0.029 and 0.187, respectively), and cannot be differentiated into different groups. The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios, together with their regional variability, suggest that the noble gases in the Fe-Mn crusts originate primarily from the lower mantle. The low 3He/4He type and high 3He/4He type samples have noble gas characteristics similar to those of HIMU (High U/Pb Mantle)- and EM (Enriched Mantle)-type mantle material, respectively. The low 3He/4He type samples with HIMU-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Magellan Seamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Island Chain and the Mid-Pacific Sea- mounts whereas the high 3He/4He type samples with EM-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Line Island Chain. This difference in noble gas characteristics of these crust types implies that the MagellanSeamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Is- land Chain, and the Mid-Pacific Seamounts originated from HIMU-type lower mantle material whereas the Line Island Chain originated from EM-type lower mantle material. This finding is consistent with varia- tions in the Pb-isotope and trace element signatures in the seamount lavas. Differences in the mantlesource may therefore be responsible for variations in the noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios in the Fe-Mn crusts. Mantle degassing appears to be the principal factor controlling noble gas isotopic abundances in Fe-Mn crusts. Decay of radioactive isotopes has a negligible influence on the nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of noble gases in these crusts on the timescale of their formation.     

Modelling Subsurface Heterogeneity by Coupled Markov Chains: Directional Dependency,Walther’s Law and Entropy

This paper is an extension of the two-dimensional coupled Markov chain model developed by Elfeki and Dekking (2001) supplemented with extensive simulations. We focus on the development of various coupled Markov chains models: the so-called fully forward Markov chain, fully backward Markov chain and forward–backward Markov chain models. We addressed many issues such as: sensitivity analysis of optimal sampling intervals in horizontal and lateral directions, directional dependency, use of Walther’s law to describe lateral variability, effect of conditioning on number of boreholes on the model performance, stability of the Monte Carlo realizations, various implementation strategies, use of cross validation techniques to evaluate model performance and image division for statistically non-homogeneous deposits are addressed. The applications are made on three sites; two sites are located in the Netherlands, and the third is in the USA. The purpose of these applications is to show under which conditions the Markov models can be used, and to provide some guidelines for the practice. Entropy maps are good tools to indicate places where high uncertainty is present, so can be used for designing sampling networks to reduce uncertainty at these locations. Symmetric and diagonally dominant horizontal transition probabilities with proper sampling interval show plausible results (fits with geologists prediction) in terms of delineation of subsurface heterogeneous structures. Walther’s law can be utilised with a proper sampling interval to account for the lateral variability.     

Heat Flow Pattern in the Mainland of China and Its Geodynamic Significance

On the basis of 723 heat flow measurements in the mainland of China and over 2000 data from the global heat flow data set, the authors compiled the heat flow map of the mainland of China and its adjacent areas to exhibit the overall variation of the heat flow pattern in the mainland. The heat flow pattern of the mainland is complex, and can not be simply summarized as "low in the north and west and high in the south and east". Significant difference exists between eastern and western China in the spatial pattern of heat flow. Divided by the 105°E meridian, heat flow values in eastern China show a westward-decreasing trend; and a northward variation is observed in western China. The high-heat flow regions correspond to tectonically active belts such as Cenozoic orogens and extensional basins, where mantle heat flow is high; and the low-heat flow regions correspond to stable units such as the Tarim and Yangtze platforms. This heat flow pattern is controlled by India-Asia collision in the west and Pacific     

论地质体不均匀性的普遍性

在对国内各向异性研究与应用的概况进行综合评述的基础上, 根据不同尺度地质体的物性空间分布, 提出地质调查中地质单元物性的不均匀性是普遍存在的现象, 物探工作中如果重视了不均匀性的存在, 则有利于提高物探资料处理与解释的可靠性。     

GIS语义共享的实质及其实现途径

GIS技术下的地理信息共享表现为 GIS数据共享 ,在研究 GIS数据共享时 ,是以最终实现地理信息共享为目的的。为达到这一目的 ,首先必须解决数据本身的共享问题 ,再次要解决数据所表达的语义的共享问题 ,其中包括从数据中读取语义的过程 ,即语义翻译 ,以及所读取的语义与应用目的之间的融合过程 (主要是要解决语义冲突问题 ) ,即语义融合。为了实现 GIS语义共享 ,除要采用一定的技术实现数据本身的共享外 ,还必须选择合适的空间概念及其逻辑表达方法实现语义的共享 ,本文提出采用基于地理要素的空间概念并采用 GIS语义数据模型加以描述可以实现 GIS的语义共享。     

安塞油田坪桥区、王窑区长6油层储层特征及驱油效率分析

分别在坪桥、王窑二区块取芯后制作了真实砂岩微观孔隙模型,并利用该模型在室内进行了油水两相渗流试验。结果表明王窑区长 6油层的驱油效率 (40 34 % )高于坪桥区 (30 48% )。分析认为二区块孔隙结构的差异,特别是孔隙结构微观非均质性的差异是造成它们驱油效率差距悬殊的根本原因。     

岩石三维破坏数值模型及形状效应的模拟研究

应用RFPA3D分别模拟了理想光滑端部加载和限制性加载端部情况下不同形状的岩石在单轴压缩下的破坏过程。模拟结果表明,试样形状对岩石的抗压强度、变形特征以及破坏模式有很大影响。岩石试样的强度随着长宽比的增加而减小,当长宽比超过2.5以后单轴压缩强度趋于稳定。理想端部下,长宽比较大的试样主要是剪切破坏模式;而长宽比较小时,主要是因为拉伸引起破坏。端部效应是引起试样拉伸破坏的一个重要因素,但是即使采用光滑端部,试样的形状效应依然存在。长宽比的逐渐增加使岩石逐渐由延性破坏向脆性破坏转变。