Three—dimensional P velocity structure in Beijing area

A detail three-dimensional P wave velocity structure of Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan area(BTT area)was deter-mined by inverting local earthquake data.In total 16 048 Pwave first arrival times from 16048 shallow and mid-depth crustal earthquakes,which occurred in and around the BTT area from 1992to 1999were used.The first arrival times are recorded by Northern China Unived Telemetry Seismic Network and Yanqing-Huailai Digital Seismic Network.Hypocentral parameters of 1 132 earthquakes with magnitude ML=1.7-6.2 and the three-dimensional P wave velocity structure were obtained simultaneously.The inversion result reveals the com-plicated lateral heterogeneity of P wave velocity structure around BTT area.The tomographic images obtained are also found to explain other seismological observations well.     

Compositional Heterogeneity in NIST SRM 610-617 Glasses

Extensive compositional heterogeneity is shown to affect at least twenty four of the doped trace elements in the NIST SRM 610-617 glasses.
Compositional profiling and mapping using laser ablation ICP-MS reveals that all NIST SRM 610-617 wafers examined here contain domains that are significantly depleted in Ag, As, Au, B, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cs, Mo, Pb, Re, (Rh), Sb, Se, Te, Tl and W, and antithetically enriched in Cu (and Pt), with large enrichments in Cd, Fe and Mn also being encountered in some cases. These domains are visible in doubly polished wafers by unaided visual inspection and by transmitted light and schlieren microscopy. They occur in close proximity to the wafer perimeters and also as stretched and complexly folded forms within wafer interiors. The chemical and optical properties of these heterogeneous domains are consistent with those of compositional cords, a phenomenon of glass manufacture where glass bulk composition and physical properties are modified by loss of volatile components from the molten glass surface. The NIST SRM 610-617 glasses may be considered reliable reference materials for microanalysis of only between one half and two thirds of the trace elements with which they were doped, including Be, Mg, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, REE, V, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, U, Ga, In, Sn, Co, Ni and Zn. These elements show no evidence of significant heterogeneity, indicating that the original glass constituents and possible residues remaining in the furnace from preceding glass batch fusions were well homogenised during manufacture.     

中国城市人力资本水平与人口集聚对创新产出的影响

基于中国2007—2012年287个地级及以上城市的创新投入要素和专利申请量的面板数据（未含港澳台地区数据）,采用面板固定效应模型和面板分位数回归模型,揭示人力资本水平提升对区域创新产出的影响机制及其区域异质性,以及人口空间集聚对人才创新驱动作用的调节机制。结果表明：① 平均而言,人力资本水平越高的城市,创新产出水平越高,但人口集聚程度与创新产出水平并不存在显著的关联;② 人力资本水平提升对创新的驱动作用存在区域差异,在创新等级越低的城市中其作用效果越强;③ 人口空间集聚强化了人力资本水平对创新的驱动作用,城市规模扩大促进了知识的溢出;④ 人口空间集聚调节作用的显现需要达到一定的创新基础门槛,城市创新等级越高,调节作用越强。因此,各地方政府应当结合当地发展的实际情况,制定适宜的人才培育和人才引进策略,合理引导人才流动。     

1999—2018年重庆市主城区住宅用地空间演变特征及驱动因素研究

以典型山地城市重庆市主城区为研究对象,基于住宅小区空间矢量数据和多源兴趣点（Point of Interest,POI）数据,采用标准差椭圆、圈层缓冲区分析、扩展强度指数、景观格局分析和地理加权回归（GWR, Geographically Weighted Regression）方法,对近20 a重庆市主城区住宅小区的空间演变特征和驱动因素进行研究。结果表明：① 重庆市主城区居住用地现状布局呈现中心-外围结构,且从中心到外围斑块逐渐大型化发展。② 居住用地空间演化经历快速增长和增速下降2个扩张阶段,其中1999—2003年城市居住用地扩展强度最大。居住用地扩张以南北向为主,近些年东西向扩张趋势明显。③ 城市规划、交通条件、公共服务设施、地形因素共同对城市住宅小区用地扩展产生显著影响。显著性总体上为：到中心商务区（CBD）的距离>路网密度>轨道交通站点可达性>医院可达性>坡度。④ 同一驱动因素在不同区位对住宅小区扩展的影响具有较明显空间异质性。     

西部少数民族地区普惠金融:减贫效应及其异质性

基于“收入-消费”二维视角,分析西部少数民族地区普惠金融发展对减缓农村贫困的异质性影响。采用改良的突变级数法对西部少数民族地区各省份普惠金融发展指数进行测度,并采用固定效应、随机效应和面板分位数回归验证所提假设。结果表明:西部少数民族地区各省份普惠金融初期发展水平不同,但随时间推移呈现趋同现象。普惠金融发展减缓农村收入贫困和消费贫困具有显著的正向影响,并存在非线性现象。普惠金融发展对减缓农村贫困具有显著异质性影响,随着收入的增加,普惠金融发展对减缓农村收入贫困的影响力呈现递减趋势;随着消费水平的提高,普惠金融发展对减缓农村消费贫困的影响力呈现先递减后递增的现象。     

国土房产信息资源核心元数据的构建研究

分析了国土房产信息资源的特点及目前国内外元数据的研究现状,介绍了方案的内容、元素的确定原则及设计方法,实现了国土房产信息资源核心元数据方案。     

基于语义模型的地图符号库设计研究

通过深入分析地图符号的语义扩展和解析地图符号的语言学实体特征,结合地图符号的数学定义,借助转换生成语法规则提出了基于语义的形式化地图符号模型。基于该模型的相关思想方法和面向对象的Visual C^＋＋．NET编程语言设计并开发了地图符号制作工具。     

Structural Alignment Methods with Applications to Geospatial Ontologies

We consider the problem of enabling interoperability and information sharing among geospatial applications that use ontologies to describe their concepts and the relationships among them. We present two fully automatic alignment methods that use the graph structures of a pair of ontologies to establish their alignment, that is, the semantic correspondences between their concepts. We have tested our methods on geospatial ontologies pertaining to wetlands and four other pairs that belong to a repository that has been used in the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). Using these ontologies, we have compared the effectiveness (precision and recall) of our methods against the Similarity Flooding Algorithm that was proposed by others and show that for each of the tested ontologies one of our methods is at least as effective as their method. We have tuned the performance of our methods by introducing a greedy approach that reduces the number of concepts that get compared. This approach reduces runtime by approximately 30% with a minor compromise to the effectiveness of the results. To further validate our approach, we participated in the OAEI competition to align a pair of ontologies, each with a few thousand concepts.     

生态建设15年黄土高原生态足迹时空变化

作为典型生态脆弱区和重点土壤保持功能区,黄土高原自20世纪80年代以来进行了一系列重大生态工程建设,力图改善脆弱的生态环境。这些重点工程在短期内是否从根本上改善了其生态安全状况是亟待理解的一个科学问题。基于生态足迹思想与方法,定量分析了1995年、2000年和2010年三个阶段15年间黄土高原生态足迹和承载力的时空变化。结果表明：① 1995-2010年15年间黄土高原承载力小于生态足迹,总体上处于生态赤字状态。② 黄土高原人均承载力呈现明显的空间异质性,1995-2010年高值区在中北部,其他区域为低值区,由东向西递减;人均生态足迹自东南向西北递增。③ 生态压力指数从1995年的1.059上升到2000年1.165,增幅较小,2010年上升为2.181,高原整体上处于生态赤字状态。