高分辨率遥感影像语义分割的半监督全卷积网络法

在遥感领域,利用大量的标签影像数据来监督训练全卷积网络,实现影像语义分割的方法会导致标签绘制成本昂贵,而少量标签数据的使用会导致网络性能下降。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于半监督全卷积网络的高分辨率遥感影像语义分割方法。通过采用一种集成预测技术,同时优化有标签样本上的标准监督分类损失及无标签数据上的非监督一致性损失,来训练端到端的语义分割网络。为验证方法的有效性,分别使用ISPRS提供的德国Vaihingen地区无人机影像数据集及国产高分一号卫星影像数据进行试验。试验结果表明,与传统方法相比,无标签数据的引入可有效提升语义分割网络的分类精度并可有效降低有标签数据过少对网络学习性能的影响。     

顾及功能语义特征的建筑物空间分布模式识别方法

本文从空间-语义双重约束角度,提出一种顾及空间邻近和功能语义相似的建筑物空间分布模式识别方法。首先,基于建筑物的空间位置邻近性(即建筑物间的最小距离)约束进行聚类,获得建筑物的空间分布模式和建筑物间的空间邻近关系;然后,根据建筑物的功能语义相似性约束进行分割,获得建筑物的初步聚类结果;最后,考虑簇内相似性与簇间差异性进行整体优化,获得最终聚类结果。试验验证表明,本文方法比现有方法能够更有效地识别空间邻近与功能语义一致的建筑物群,服务于智慧城市建设中对建筑物进行语义层次综合和对城市结构进行深入研究的需求。     

中国东部地壳与上地幔速度不均匀性和各向异性的初步研究(英文)

本文利用763式地震仪记录的地震瑞利面波资料,用双台法计算出瑞利面波的频散曲线,从而得到相速度.将我国东部地区(99.8°—123.8°E,20°—44°N)分成4°×4°大小的方格,利用代数重建法得出该地区上地幔与地壳的横向不均匀性.对同一地区再进行一次分块,块的大小为8°×8°,考虑到各向异性对面波相速度的影响,利用周期为60 s 的面波相速度资料,反演出我国东部的横向不均匀和各异向性的特征。     

Three-dimensional velocity images in Yunnan and its neighboring district

Using the techniques of seismic tomography three-dimensional velocity images at crust and upper mantle in Yunnan province and its adjacent region have been successfully reconstructed. The results of image are: (1) The image of the velocity in the upper crust is closely related to the well-known geological structure of the surface, the Kangdian earth axis is a distinct high velocity area, and a high velocity rock stratum, which appoaching the surface of the earth, has been formed. (2) There is a low-velocity layer between 26°–31°N and 100°–104°E in deep crust, the depth of Moho discontinuity in Sichuan bass in is less than 50 km. (3) The results of seismological tomography not only reveal the lateral heterogeneity in the researched region, but also find approximately the strike of Honghe fault from the image at bottom of crust, and the velocity in both side of the fault are different obviously. (4) There is a low-velocity column within 25 km to 110 km in Tengchong region, which may be occured by upward moving of the basalt in the mantle. (5) In studied area, the thickness of the crust in west part is thicker than in southeast part. (6) From the image at bottom of the crust we can find that earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5 occurred in big velocity gradient zones, especially in transition zone between high and low velocity. There are a few earthquake in the low-velocity area. (7) We can see from Figure 6 that there still clearly exists lateral heterogeneity at 450 depth. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 61–67, 1993.     

地质统计学与分形理论的某些结合应用

概述了早期的结合应用有分维的计算、地质曲面模拟;近期的有空间估值、储层非均质性模拟、构造人工中间测线、分形谱及其参数等方面的结合应用。     

Influence of Heterogeneity of Mechanical Properties on Hydraulic Fracturing in Permeable Rocks

Summary Numerical simulations of circular holes under internal hydraulic pressure are carried out to investigate the hydraulic fracture initiation, propagation and breakdown behavior in rocks. The hydraulic pressure increases at a constant rate. The heterogeneity of the rocks is taken into account in the study by varying the homogeneity index. In addition, the permeability is varied with the states of stress and fracture. The simulations are conducted by using a finite element code, F-RFPA^2D, which couples the flow, stress and damage analyses. The simulation results suggest that the fracture initiation and propagation, the roughness of the fracture path and the breakdown pressure are influenced considerably by the heterogeneity of rocks. The hole diameter elongation and the stress field evolution around the fracture tip during the fracture propagation can also provide useful information for the interpretation of the hydraulic fracturing behaviour.     

超稠油油藏转小井距蒸汽驱条件及时机

蒸汽驱是稠油油藏经过蒸汽吞吐开采后进一步提高原油采收率的主要热采阶段。但不是说任何时候转驱都可取得较好的效果。笔者系统研究了影响蒸汽驱开采效果的因素：原油粘度、油层有效厚度、纯总厚度比、起始含油饱和度和油层非均质性等,确定出适宜蒸汽驱开采的油藏条件。在分析稠油油藏加密吞吐后油藏条件变化的基础上．利用油藏工程数值模拟技术研究确定出超稠油油藏转小井距蒸汽驱的合理时机。     

Capture zone,travel time,and solute-transport predictions using inverse modeling and different geological models

Six regional-scale flow models are compared to gain insight into how different representations of hydraulic-conductivity distributions affect model calibration and predictions. Deterministic geological models were used to define hydraulic-conductivity distributions in two steady-state flow models that were calibrated to heads and baseflow estimates using inverse techniques. Optimized hydraulic-conductivity estimates from the two models were used to calculate layer and model mean hydraulic-conductivity values. Despite differences in the two geological models, inverse calibration produced mean hydraulic-conductivity values for the entire model domain that are quite similar. The layer and model mean hydraulic-conductivity values were used to generate four additional flow models and forward runs were performed. All of the models adequately simulate the observed heads and total baseflow. The six flow models were used to predict the steady-state impact of a proposed well field, and the flow solutions were used in simulating particle tracking and solute transport. Results of the predictive simulations show that, for this example, simple models of heterogeneity produce capture zones similar to more complex models, but with very different travel times and breakthroughs. Inverse modeling combined with different geological models can provide a measure of capture zone and breakthrough reliability.

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Resumen Se compara seis modelos de flujo a escala regional para conocer cómo afecta a la calibración y a la predicción del modelo diversas representaciones de la distribución de la conductividad hidráulica. Se ha utilizado modelos geológicos deterministas para definir las distribuciones de la conductividad hidráulica en dos modelos de flujo permanente, calibrados mediante técnicas inversas con niveles piezométricos y estimaciones del flujo de base. Se ha adoptado estimaciones optimizadas de la conductividad hidráulica de los dos modelos para calcular las cotas de las capas y sus conductividades hidráulicas medias. A pesar de las diferencias entre ambos modelos geológicos, con la calibración inversa se obtiene valores similares de conductividad hidráulica en todo el dominio. Estos valores de las capas y de las conductividades hidráulicas medias han servido para generar cuatro modelos adicionales de flujo y realizar predicciones. Todos los modelos simulan de forma adecuada los niveles observados y los caudales de base. Los seis modelos han sido aplicados a la predicción del impacto estacionario de un campo de pozos, y las soluciones del flujo permiten simular el transporte de partículas y de solutos. Los resultados de estas predicciones muestran que, para este ejemplo, los modelos sencillos de la heterogeneidad dan lugar a zonas de captura similares a las generadas por modelos más complejos, pero aparecen grandes diferencias en los tiempos de tránsito y en las curvas de llegada. Una combinación de modelación inversa y de modelos geológicos diferentes puede proporcionar una medida de la fiabilidad de la zona de captura y de las curvas de llegada.

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Résumé Six modèles d'écoulement à l'échelle régionale sont comparés afin d'avoir un aperçu de la manière dont les différentes représentations de la distribution de la conductivité hydraulique affectent la calibration et les prédictions de modèles. Des modèles géologiques déterministes ont été utilisés pour définir les distributions de la conductivité hydraulique dans deux modèles d'écoulement en régime permanent qui ont été calibrés avec des estimations des charges et des écoulements de base faites par des techniques inverses. Les estimations optimisées de la conductivité hydraulique de ces deux modèles ont servi à calculer les valeurs de conductivité hydraulique moyenne des couches et du modèle. Malgré des différences entre les deux modèles géologiques, la calibration inverse a donné des valeurs de conductivité hydraulique moyenne pour le domaine complet du modèle qui sont complètement semblables. Les valeurs de la conductivité moyenne des couches et du modèle ont été utilisées pour générer quatre modèles d'écoulement supplémentaires et des traitements ont été effectués. Tous les modèles simulent correctement les charges observées et l'écoulement de base total. Les six modèles ont servi à prédire l'impact en régime permanent d'un champ captant projeté et les solutions d'écoulement ont été utilisées dans une simulation par suivi de particules et de transport de soluté. Les résultats de simulations prédictives montrent que, pour cet exemple, de simples modèles d'hétérogénéité fournissent des zones de capture semblables aux modèles plus complexes, mais pour des temps de parcours et des restitutions très différents. Une modélisation inverse combinée à différents modèles géologiques peut assurer une mesure de la zone de capture et une fiabilité de la restitution.

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小流域土壤水分空间分异特征及时稳性分析

利用常规统计方法对川中丘陵区盐亭县截流小流域土壤水分空间监测资料进行了分析。结果表明,小流域土壤水分空间分异明显,且主要受地形和微地貌控制,台地水分含量明显高于坡地;土壤剖面垂直变化复杂,水分分层不明显;流域多级台地中,中、高台位土壤水含量大于低台位,中台位大于高台位;土壤水分随坡向的分异规律有:北向坡>南向坡>西向坡;同台林地水分含量大于农地;土壤水分空间分异随时间变化小,具有时稳性。研究还表明,流域内存在可反映流域表层土壤平均水分状况的均值点,可作为流域平均土壤含水量的监测点。     

Impact of habitat heterogeneity on plant community pattern in Gurbantunggut Desert

This paper reports a geomorphologic landscape investigation, vegetation survey and soil sampling at 14 sites across the Gurbantunggut Desert between 87o37'09'-88o24'04'E and 44o14'04'-45o41'52'N. The study encountered 8 species of low trees and shrubs, 5 of perennial herbs, 8 of annual plants and 48 of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants. These species of plants represent one-third of the species found in the Gurbantunggut Desert, and their communities make up a large proportion of desert vegetation with great landscape significance. In the investigation we found that the plant communities are accordingly succeeded with the spatial variation of macro-ecoenvironment. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Analysis (CA) we found that the micro-ecoenvironment heterogeneity of aeolian sandy soil's physical and chemical properties such as soil nutrient, soil moisture, soil salt, pH etc. only impacted the diversity of herb synusia (PIEherb) of the desert, with a negative correlation. Meanwhile, the impact of microhabitat on the plant community pattern with an antagonistic interaction made vegetation's eco-distribution in a temporary equilibrium.