台风“菲特”引发的浙江余姚地质灾害类型与特征分析

余姚市地处浙东沿海,受2013年23号强台风“菲特”影响,遭受百年一遇强降雨,农村山区地质灾害频发,因灾损失达200×10^8元以上。通过对余姚159处地质灾害的调查和统计分析,余姚市地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,滑坡占本次地质灾害总数的64．2％,主要为小型浅表土质滑坡,中型泥石流2处。地质灾害的发生与降雨、地形地貌、松散层厚度以及人类活动等多个方面因素有关,其中松散层厚度和人类工程活动影响最为明显。文中提出了相关的预防措施,通过加强防灾避灾宣传,严格审批农村切坡建房,对重要地段的适当回避等,防治并举,以减轻同类地质灾害的影响。     

Suitability evaluation of rural residential areas under the threat of geological disasters:A case study in Yinchanggou watershed of Pengzhou City

At present, the research on the layout of rural residential areas in the mountainous environment under the threat of earthquake disasters and frequent geological disasters is still rare. Taking Yinchanggou watershed in Longmenshan Town of Pengzhou City as an example, based on the summary of the geological hazard development characteristics in this area, the authors carried out the hazard risk zoning through 8 indexes. Then the geological hazard risk zoning was used as the primary factor to evaluate the suitability of rural residential areas. Besides, combined with the topographical conditions, socio-economic situation and ecological environment, a suitable evaluation index system for rural residential land under the threat of geological disasters was constructed, with the restrictive conditions of extremely high-risk areas, single geological hazards, slopes ≥25° and basic farmland protection areas. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the suitability of residential land in Yinchanggou watershed of Pengzhou City. The results show that high suitability areas account for 4.2% of the total area of the study area, moderate suitability areas 11.4%, low suitability areas 10.5%, and unsuitable areas 73.8%. The “suitable” areas for rural residential land are mainly distributed along the highway, and some are multiple “blocky” concentrated distribution areas. The terrain is flat and the traffic condition is convenient, which can provide some guidance for the selection of new rural residential locations.     

集安市净水厂滑坡灾害防治措施

集安市净水厂滑坡灾害位于丘陵区前缘,形成原因为大气降水入渗、风化裂隙水及净水厂渗漏水,改变了上覆松散岩层稳定性。滑坡为土质滑塌、滑动面为基岩面。防治工程措施为排水孔、排水沟、挡土墙。     

论气候变暖背景下干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略简

The drought is a most severe natural disaster worldwide, which leads to great risk in human being. The drought disaster and risk have more prominent because of obvious climatic warming in the last hundred years. At present, the understanding of the internal laws of the occurrence of drought and drought risk is not comprehensive, and the recognition of the characteristics of the drought and drought risk under climatic warming is obscure. In this paper, we summarized systematically the domestic and overseas research progress of the drought and drought disaster risk, introduced the principle of the drought disaster transfer process and the essential features of drought disaster, analyzed synthetically the main characteristics and interactions among the key factors of the drought disaster risk, discussed the effect of climatic warming on drought and drought disaster risk, and probed into the basic requirement of drought disaster risk management. Above all, we provide the main protective measurements of the drought disaster and the main strategy of drought disaster risk management.     

Disaster Risk Science Development and Disaster Risk Reduction Using Science and Technology

Based on a series of international conferences for establishing HFA2 framework, this paper analyzed key issues of frontier of disaster risk science, integrated disaster prevention and mitigation strategies and integrated disaster risk governance. The future direction of disaster risk science was comprehensively discussed according to the widely discussed Post 2015 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA2). It was proposed to deepen the cognition of the complexity of disaster system in terms of recognizing the complexity of disaster system from the interaction among various elements of the system, recognizing the complexity of climate change risk from the regional characteristics and formation mechanism of the global climate change and recognizing the complexity of the catastrophe risk from the regional development levels and patterns. Furthermore, it was suggested to make integrated disaster risk reduction strategies and countermeasures from the perspective of the complexity of the disaster system, including the establishment of regional integrated disaster risk governance framework to face climate change, the establishment of integrated disaster risk governance system in multi-spatial scale, the establishment of disaster risk governance financial system integrating the insurance, bonds and lottery, the establishment of consilience mode in integrated risk governance considering multi-stakeholder and the establishment of modeling and simulation platform integrated disaster risk information services and disaster risk reduction strategies. Finally, it was pointed out that the assessment of disaster risk levels for different regions in multi spatial scale can provide robust scientific support for integrated disaster risk governance of the world and regions, industries and enterprises so as to improve response to global change and guarantee a global and regional sustainable development.     

基于气象干旱综合监测指数(MCI)的陕西省干旱灾害风险评估与区划北大核心CSCD

利用陕西省94个国家气象站1961—2018年逐日气象资料,根据干旱灾害气候背景和社会经济环境,结合灾害风险评估相关理论方法,选取致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露度、防灾减灾能力4个方面指标,建立干旱灾害风险评估指数,基于GIS平台,对陕西省不同季节进行干旱灾害风险区划。结果表明:(1)陕西各区域干旱致灾因子危险性季节差异明显,陕北北部除夏季外各季节干旱危险性较高,关中地区易发生伏旱。陕南的汉中各季节干旱危险性均较大,安康东部和商洛各季节干旱危险性则较小。(2)春季、夏季和秋季,陕南的汉中平原及安康的汉江河谷地带,关中的西安和渭南地区,陕北北部榆林地区为干旱孕灾环境高脆弱性区或较高区;冬季陕南大部、秦岭地区的高脆弱性区较其他三季范围有所减小;海拔较高的秦岭山地,关中平原和陕北北部各季节皆为低脆弱性或较低脆弱性地区。(3)承灾体暴露度的高风险区主要分布于关中地区。(4)全省抵御干旱风险能力最高地区为陕北黄河沿线、关中各地的城镇地区。(5)干旱灾害综合风险的高风险区主要在陕南巴山地区、秦岭南北两侧、陕北南部,陕南汉江平原、关中平原及陕北延安、榆林等地为干旱较低、低风险区。     

河北省主要气象灾害时空变化的统计分析

根据1984~2011年河北省气象灾害统计数据和河北省气候影响评价资料,分析了河北省气象灾害灾次和灾情的时空分布特征。研究表明:河北省主要的气象灾害有暴雨洪涝、旱灾、雹灾、风灾和雷灾等5类,5类气象灾害存在明显的时空分布特征。河北省暴雨洪涝主要集中在河北省西北部,灾次比最大值0.038;冰雹灾情主要集中在张家口、承德以及位于太行山东麓的保定西部地区,灾次比最大值为0.027;干旱灾情主要集中在邯郸以及沧州南部,灾次比最大值为0.036;大风灾情主要集中在河北中部,高值中心在唐山北部,灾次比最大值为0.030;雷电灾情主要集中在秦皇岛、张家口以及石家庄,灾次比最大值为0.034。河北省暴雨日数分布与暴雨洪涝灾情分布的不一致表明气象灾害灾情除与致灾因子有关外,还与承灾体脆弱性密切相关。     

黄河宁夏段凌汛期气温变化特征

利用宁夏1991~2010年20 a凌汛期水文和气温序列资料,研究了宁夏凌汛期特征、凌汛灾害发生主要时段,黄河封河、开河集中期与日平均气温之间的关系。结果表明:宁夏凌汛特征为封开河时序相反,小流量、高水位行洪,受强冷空气影响较大;凌汛灾害主要发生在封河和开河期间;日平均气温正负转化日期与封、开河期有对应关系,宁夏封河集中期在12月20日至1月19日;开河集中日期在2月13~20日。在凌汛关键期结合MODIS遥感数据对凌汛灾害监测防范有一定指导意义。     

MapGIS及其二次开发软件Section和Excel软件的交互应用与探讨

在地质灾害防治规划中《地质灾害现状及易发区、危险区（点）分布图》和《地质灾害防治规划图》分别是一定区域内地质灾害点（区）现状及未来防治任务的直观体现。本文论述MAPGIS二次开发软件Section和Microsoft Office Excel软件在编辑制作该类图件的交互应用和体会。     

基于CORS的浙江省地质灾害监测预警系统建设

主要论述了以浙江省 CORS 系统为基础,综合运用GNSS 空间定位技术、计算机技术、通讯技术、网络技术等现代技术,对可能由地表位移引起的地质灾害进行实时监测、预警和形变分析,建立地质灾害监测预警系统的设计思路和实现过程。