松辽盆地东南隆起区营城组珍珠岩斑晶矿物研究

松辽盆地早白垩世营城组火山岩系含有丰富的珍珠岩,为松辽盆地重要的油气勘探目的层位。在松辽盆地边缘东南隆起九台地区出露有比较新鲜的珍珠岩,内部斑晶保存完好,裂隙发育;斑晶矿物主要有斜长石、黑云母、角闪石,还有镁铁质的单斜辉石和斜方辉石。对含斑晶珍珠岩和剔除斑晶后的珍珠岩玻璃质分别进行地球化学分析,斑晶矿物进行单矿物电子探针成分研究。其结果表明：该珍珠岩属于酸性高钾钙-碱性系列,微量和稀土元素特征显示与上部地壳相似;斑晶矿物单斜辉石为斜紫苏辉石和次透辉石,斜方辉石为紫苏辉石,均显示变质成因,属于捕虏晶;与珍珠岩相邻层位玄武岩的斑晶斜长石为拉长石,单斜辉石为铁次透辉石,属于岩浆成因。这些特征表明,珍珠岩原岩可能来自于上部地壳,其辉石等捕虏晶为岩浆上侵运移过程与围岩发生混染作用的结果。     

下江群沉积地质特征及其对华南 新元古代构造演化的约束

华南西部新元古代裂陷纪大地构造属性和原型盆地性质是一个涉及到扬子古陆在全球构造中的定位、且争议较大的基础地质问题。新元古代下江群发育于强变形变质的盐边群和弱变形变质的板溪群之间, 处于以滨浅海沉积为主的板溪群向深海沉积转化的过渡带内。下江群以浊流沉积的杂砂岩为主, 沉积物扩散方向指向西。下江群清水江组砂岩骨架颗粒统计分析表明, 物源来自再旋回造山带。常量元素地球化学特征显示, 下江群碎屑岩系形成于活动陆缘区的弧后盆地靠大陆一侧。结合盐边群、苏雄组大地构造属性及其与下江群的空间关系, 推测当时的华南西部处于汇聚型板块边缘内, 总体属弧后伸展型盆地。     

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩矿物学特征及其油气地质意义

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组泥页岩的矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,其次为长石,此外还含有少量黄铁矿、硬石膏等含硫矿物,以及极少量的碳酸盐矿物。沉积学及矿物学研究表明,五峰-龙马溪组的沉积环境以浅海陆棚为主,而浅海陆棚属还原环境,有利于有机质富集和保存,可以更好地形成页岩气;页岩含石英量较多并且脆性指数较高,因此有利于形成裂缝以利于渗流。与相邻的涪陵地区相对比,两者可比性较高,并且渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩的石英等脆性矿物含量大于涪陵地区,而黏土矿物含量、碳酸盐矿物含量远小于涪陵地区;渝东北田坝地区黏土矿物组合反映,五峰-龙马溪组已进入了晚期成岩作用阶段,该阶段所对应的有机质成熟度为高成熟-过成熟,表明其成熟度条件有利于形成页岩气藏;进一步研究还发现,五峰组及龙马溪组页岩具有较高的孔隙度和渗透性,能为页岩气储存提供较好的储集空间。     

Lateglacial and Holocene climate and soil erosion in southeastern France: A case study from Etang du Pourra,Provence

A synthesis of pollen evidence from Etang du Pourra, a small pond in Rhodanian Provence, France, complemented by new sedimentological, mineralogical and palynological data allow a reassessment of the Lateglacial-Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the area. The Etang du Pourra succession is shown to consist of two parts; the lower part dates from the Lateglacial and the upper reveals the Holocene pollen-stratigraphic succession typical of the region. In the Lateglacial, a humid and cooler phase is recorded before the Younger Dryas conditions progressively set in. In the Holocene succession, the consequences of human modifications on the environment are clearly visible in changes in mineralogy and pollen stratigraphy.     

Lacustrine strata sedimentology and lake-level history in ancient Zhuyeze Lake since the Last Deglaciation

The ancient Zhuyeze Lake lies in the east Hexi corridor of Northwest China and it is the interacting belt of the East Asian summer monsoon and the westerly line. The research on paleoclimate of the lake facilitates the understanding of the processes and mechanism of climate change in Northwest China since the Last Deglaciation. Related researches of this area started in the 1960s, and the research on environment changes has become the “hotspot” during the last 10 years. This paper focuses on four sections (Qingtuhu Section, Xiqu Section, Shakengjing Section, Jiutuoliang Section) in ancient Zhuyeze Lake. Much work was done in spot investigation, section strata comparison, geophysical analyses, geochemical analyses and dependable ¹⁴C dating in order to retrieve the dry-wet history of climate changes in ancient Zhuyeze Lake since the Last Deglaciation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the highest terminal lake level was 1313–1315 m. In Holocene, the highest lake level was 1308–1309 m occurring between 6700–5800 a B.P.. (2) After geophysical and geochemical analyses, high-resolution records of the climate change since the Last Deglaciation were revealed as follows: cold and dry during 15800–13000 a B.P.; cool and wet during 13000–9500 a B.P.; warm and dry during 9500–6700 a B.P.; warm and wet during 6700–4300 a B.P.; cool and wet during 4300–2700 a B.P.; and at last dry during 2700-0 a B.P.. __________ Translated from Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(12): 161–169 [译自: 干旱区资源与环境]     

Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay,Lake Eyre,central Australia

Douglas Creek terminal splay, sited on the western shoreline of Lake Eyre North, central Australia, covers a surface area of approximately 4 km² with a down‐system length of 2·5 km from the distributary channels terminus to the splay fringe. Two distributary channels feed two sediment lobes which have amalgamated to form the terminal splay. Three primary facies associations have been identified sub‐dividing the creek terminus into distributary channel, proximal and distal splay sections. Proximal splay sediments are characterized by erosionally based, relatively thick (> 100 mm), stacked sheets of coarse to medium sand which commonly display trough and planar cross‐bedding, whereas the distal splay is characterized by thin (generally < 50 mm) massive beds of very fine sand, silt and clay. The change in splay sedimentology is interpreted as reflecting the transition from bedload‐dominated deposition to suspended load‐dominated deposition from decelerating sheetfloods as they spread out from the channel onto the dry lake bed. A proximal to distal splay transition zone is also noted where deposits of both facies associations interfinger laterally and vertically. In scale, geometry and facies associations, the Douglas Creek terminal splay is very different to the often cited Neales terminal splay complex located 70 km to the north. It is suggested that these architectural differences reflect variations in discharge volume, input sediment distribution and the degree of vegetation cover. Understanding the variation in terminal splay architecture has very significant implications for the modelling of analogous subsurface petroleum systems, which at present relies on few modern‐day analogues.     

Quantifying sample bias in clast fabric measurements

Sampling elongate clasts that protrude from a planar face for clast macro‐fabric analysis introduces a bias into reconstructed fabrics because clasts aligned perpendicular to the sampling face are over‐represented relative to those aligned parallel to the face. This study develops a probability‐based mathematical analysis to quantify sample bias for a variety of clast shapes and population fabrics, including isotropic, clustered and girdled fabric styles. Bias is expressed in terms of sample eigenvalues and eigenvectors relative to those of the parent population. Results indicate that sampling always has the effect of artificially drawing fabrics towards perpendicularity to the sampling face relative to the populations from which they are drawn. This rotation generally has the effect of artificially strengthening population fabrics, by up to 30% in the case of very weakly clustered or girdled populations. However, fabric strengthening is by no means universal and sampling alters different parent populations in different, sometimes complex, ways: the analysis in this paper identifies situations where sampling can strengthen or weaken parent fabrics, where it can rotate parent fabrics (by up to 90° in the case of a very weak population fabric), and where it can even change the style of a population fabric. For example, near‐isotropic population fabrics can appear clustered; weakly clustered and weakly girdled population fabrics can appear isotropic; weakly clustered population fabrics can appear weakly girdled; and girdled population fabrics can appear clustered. Overall, this analysis indicates that weakly orientated population fabrics are most susceptible to bias. Thus, a weakly clustered population fabric aligned parallel to a sample face is particularly susceptible to major sample bias in both fabric strength (artificially overestimated) and orientation (artificially rotated perpendicular to the face). Bias can be reduced either by sampling all the clasts from a cube‐shaped block of sediment excavated from the face, or by sampling equal numbers of clasts from the three orthogonal faces of the same sedimentary unit.     

The environmental significance of magnetic measurements of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments from the Grand Lac d'Annecy, eastern France

The results of a series of magnetic measurements on sediment samples are illustrated by means of examples selected from a more specialized parallel publication (Hu & Oldfield, submitted). They are interpreted in terms of magnetic components, notably, 'magnetite' of varying grain size/domain state, haematite, goethite and greigite. Wherever possible, some indication is given of changes in the relative importance of the various magnetic grain size and mineral phases through time. The main components of the magnetic assemblage are described for each of the main lithological units identified in the long core which is considered elsewhere in this volume. These assemblages are related to source areas and to depositional processes, especially in the pre-Holocene parts of the core. In the Holocene sediments, the magnetic properties cannot be interpreted solely in terms of shifts in detrital mineral sources. Evidence is presented for the presence of both biogenic magnetite and authigenic greigite. The most recent sediments point to renewed catchment erosion, probably as a result of human activity during historical times.     

沉积物污染和环境沉积学

环境沉积学着重研究人类活动与沉积循环（包括风化作用、侵蚀作用、沉积作用和早期成岩作用）相互间的影响,寻求人类与自然协调发展的更佳方式。现在,全球河流、湖泊和海洋中沉积物污染严重,沉积学家应予以关注并为解决由此所产生的环境问题做出贡献。实际上,为了对沉积物环境质量进行评估和治理被污染的环境,需要沉积学家去研究污染物的时空分布与岩相、沉积相和沉积体系之间的相互关系,研究污染物在沉积作用和早期成岩作用中的行为,研究沉积物中污染物的存在形式等重要课题。