Bioremediation perspective of historically contaminated sediment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The purpose of the current study is to compare the influence of different aerobic conditions(biostimulation(BS),bioaugmentation(BA),and a combination of biostimulation and bioaugmentation(BB))on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH)degradation and compare the degraded amount with single step XAD-4 extraction as a new tool for bioavailability assessment for chronically contaminated sediment samples obtained from territory of Autonomous Province Vojvodina of Serbia(S1,S2,and S3).A great number of papers dealing with biodegradation of PAHs in spiked sediment or soil have been published,but to the authors’knowledge,a limited number of papers studied aged,historically polluted sediment and a sum of chosen U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)PAHs.A significant reduction(up to67%)in PAH concentration was observed,while the percentage of reduction varied depending on the sediment sample and treatment used.BS treatment successfully stimulated growth of indigenous bacteria.Further,PAH-degrading strain Sphingomonas paucimobilis F8 inoculated in BA and BB treatment survived for up to 7 weeks after it was suppressed by unfavorable conditions or native microbes.Degraded amounts generally showed good correlation with results obtained from XAD-4 extraction.Results obtained in the current study represent a good start for standardizing a XAD-4 extraction technique as a simplified,easier,and lower cost method for bioavailability assessment.     

Speciation and potential remobilization of heavy metals in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China

The species of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China, have been analyzed using the sequential chemical extraction method. Variations in the chemical fractions of these metals and their geographic distributions have also been studied. For all five metals, the residual fraction is highest but the exchangeable fraction is lowest among all the fractions. Compared to other metals, Cd has the highest percentage in the exchangeable fraction, and Cr is associated mainly with the residual fraction. Cu in the organic fraction and Pb in the Fe-Mn fraction are the important species, whereas the lowest percentages are found for Cd in the organic fraction, Cu in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction and Pb in the carbonate fraction. With respect to spatial differences, the total contents in the non-residual fractions of the metals in bay sediments are found to be higher than those in other sediments. The fractions of Cd, Cu and Cr showed significant variations in different regions. The fractions of Pb and Zn, however, did not show significant variations in spatial distribution, suggesting different amounts and different paths of anthropogenic input for the metals. Comparisons of the metal speciation indicated that Cd might be the most bioavailable metal, followed by Pb.     

Geomorphological evidence of paleoseismicity: Surficial and underground structures of Pasmajärvi postglacial fault

The cyclic nature of glaciations and related postglacial faulting represents a risk for the deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in areas likely to be affected by future glaciations. Seismic history was therefore studied by means of detecting geomorphological structures on airborne laser scanning digital elevation models and underground by excavating in an esker and trenching across a postglacial fault located in northern Fennoscandia. OLS dating and assessing the geomorphological structures was used for timing of the seismic history. The results suggest that the faulting of different segments in the Pasmajärvi complex is due to at least two late Weichselian events, which probably occurred both subglacially and postglacially. The most reliable input for the moment magnitude estimates was vertical slip profiles, and therefore these estimates (M_W ≈ 6.4–6.9) are suggested. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accumulation and exploration of gas hydrate in deep-sea sediments of northern South China Sea

The large deep-sea area from the southwestern Qiongdongnan Basin to the eastern Dongsha Islands,within the continental margin of northern South China Sea,is a frontier of natural gas hydrate exploration in China.Multiform of deep-sea sedimentations have been occurred since late Miocene,and sediment waves as a potential quality reservoir of natural gas hydrate is an most important style of them.Based on abundant available data of seismic,gravity sampling and drilling core,we analyzed the characteristics of seismic reflection and sedimentation of sediment waves and the occurrence of natural gas hydrate hosted in it,and discussed the control factors on natural gas hydrate accumulation.The former findings revealed the deep sea of the northern South China Sea have superior geological conditions on natural gas hydrate accumulation.Therefore,it will be of great significance in deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploration with the study on the relationship between deep-sea sedimentation and natural gas hydrate accumulation.     

A hybrid method for size characterization of coarse subsurface fluvial sediments

This paper introduces and evaluates a novel method for ascertaining the grain‐size distribution of subsurface sediments that involves profoundly less sampling effort than standard methods. It is based on hybrid sampling principles previously applied to the construction of synthetic surface grain‐size distributions. The method is developed from an empirical demonstration of the approximate similarity of surface and subsurface grain‐size distributions when compared over a common range of sizes. Subsurface hybrid models are found to provide good facsimiles of grain‐size distributions de?ned using standard criteria and to yield distribution percentiles with millimetre accuracy. The technique is presented as an expedient alternative to standard methods for large, perennial gravel‐bed rivers. As this is a new technique, prudent application is advised in lieu of further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钻孔灌注桩桩底沉渣压浆处理研究与应用

对桩底沉渣产生的原因、沉渣对灌注桩承载能力的影响以及沉渣的处理作了简要分析,讨论了灌注桩桩底压浆工艺的作用机理。重点结合实际工程介绍了该技术,经检测表明,灌注桩桩底压浆技术的使用有效地处理了沉渣,提高了桩的承载能力。     

深海沉积物宏基因组文库中产蛋白酶克隆CAPRO2的筛选及酶学性质分析

利用选择性筛选培养基从所构建的深海沉积物宏基因组文库中筛选得到一株产蛋白酶的克隆（CAPR0002）,对其进行了酶学性质分析．结果表明该酶的最适作用温度为65cc,最适作用pH值为9．0．该蛋白酶具有较好的热稳定性,在40cC以下的温度中可长期保持稳定,在50℃中处理6h后仍能保持60％的活力,在60℃下保温30rain后仍能保持约60％的活力．Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、sr^2＋、co^2＋对该蛋白酶有明显的促进作用,而且ca^2＋的存在可明显提高该蛋白酶的热稳定性,ca^2＋、sr^2＋、c0^2＋这3种离子均在3．0mmol／dm^3。浓度时具有最高的促进作用,当浓度高于3．0mmol／dm’时,这3种离子对酶活力的促进作用减弱．Hg^2＋、Fe^2＋、cu¨对酶有明显的抑制作用．CAPR02蛋白酶在pH值为7。5～9．5时活力较高,pH值为7。5时可保持约80％的活力,pH值为9．5时保持60％的活力,而在pH值高于9．5的条件下酶活力下降较快,pH值为10．0时活力降为约15％,表明CAPR02属于碱性蛋白酶．丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF、E一64和AEBSF对CAPR02蛋白酶均无抑制作用,显示该酶不属于丝氨酸蛋白酶,而EDTA对酶有明显的抑制作用,表明该酶属于金属蛋白酶．     

莱州湾沉积物有机质来源

应用C/N、δ13C、δ15N解析了莱州湾沉积物有机质来源,发现湾内有机质主要存在海洋、河口浮游植物以及陆地有机质3种来源。通过C/N、δ13C定量示踪,发现海洋浮游植物是湾内沉积物有机质的最主要来源,相对含量在41.6%—58.5%之间。河口浮游植物有机质、陆源有机质相对含量波动较大,分别在3.8%—43.8%、0—53.5%之间。海洋浮游植物有机质在整个海湾都表现出较高含量。近岸河口附近海域往往表现出高含量的河口浮游植物有机质特征,陆源有机质含量较高区域大都集中在黄河口周围海域,高河口浮游植物有机质以及高陆源有机质特征在黄河口周围海域均有出现。     

海底沉积物类型判别及其平面分布图绘制

介绍了用Microsoft Excel软件对海洋碎屑沉积物类型进行判别的方法,包括函数的调用和具体操作过程。该方法操作简单、快捷,使对大量样品进行沉积物类型的判别变得极其容易。同时,对传统的海底沉积物类型分布图的绘制进行了改进,形成了一套较为简便、实用的方法。     

海洋沉积物重金属生态风险评价方法比较及实例验证——以莱州湾为例

利用2016年8月份莱州湾沉积物中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Cr、Zn监测数据,分别利用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、地积累指数法、沉积物质量基准法、尼梅罗综合指数法、污染负荷指数法等6种沉积物重金属风险评价方法进行评价,以比较沉积物重金属生态风险评估方法的适用性与局限性。结果表明,莱州湾表层沉积物中,重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Cr和Zn含量分别为0.077 4 mg/kg、0.169 mg/kg、12.1 mg/kg、11.9 mg/kg、11.6 mg/kg、31.1 mg/kg、45.3 mg/kg。不同方法在莱州湾沉积物风险评价结果上存在差异。单因素评价方法中,单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法的评价结果适中,地累积指数法评价结果偏轻,沉积物质量基准法评价结果偏重。Hg、As、Cd元素的污染评价结果均较大,为主要的污染元素;综合因素评价方法中,污染负荷指数法评价结果风险偏轻,潜在生态危害指数法评价结果适中,内梅罗综合指数法评价结果则倾向偏重。沉积物重金属含量与底栖生物的丰度、生物量的pearson相关系数表明,Hg与底栖生物的生物量呈现显著负相关。6种方法都有自身优缺点和适用范围,但潜在生态危害指数法更适合莱州湾沉积物重金属风险评价。