茅尾海夏季海水与表层沉积物叶绿素a空间分布研究

根据2011年6月茅尾海生态环境调查资料,对该海域海水和表层沉积物中叶绿素a的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,海水叶绿素a变化范围1.384~4.060 mg/m3,平均值为2.143 mg/m3,表层沉积物叶绿素a范围为0.006~0.740 mg/kg(湿重),均值为0.124 mg/kg;海水与表层沉积物叶绿素a均呈现自河口向南逐渐降低的空间分布特征。单位面积表层沉积物叶绿素a平均含量为上方水柱叶绿素a平均含量的129.44%,沉积物对该海域初级生产力有显著的潜在贡献。相关分析表明,海水和沉积物叶绿素a均与无机氮及底栖动物栖息密度呈显著或极显著的正相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。     

Identifying Rocky Seabed Using GIS-Modeled Predictor Variables

Mapping the seabed along the Norwegian coast is costly and time consuming. Hence, finding a modeling method to separate rocky seabed from other substrate types will provide digital maps that may be used to develop cost-effective sampling designs to predict species and habitat distribution. Our approach was to use geophysical data that were quantitative and objectively defined, generalized additive models (GAMs), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) to develop statistical models and select among them. We found that slope, terrain curvature, wave exposure, and depth predicted rocky seabed occurrence with a high degree of certainty.     

Recycling of Coastal Dredged Sediments from the Northern Nile Delta,Egypt, for Heavy Minerals Exploitation

Mineralogical and textural analyses of 45 undisturbed short cores and 80 grab sediment samples, collected from five frequently dredged navigational areas within harbors and water pathways of the Nile delta littoral system, were utilized for evaluation of these sediments as potential source of economic heavy minerals (EHMs). Results of mineralogical characterization indicate that the average total heavy mineral (HM) concentrations are as follows: Abu Qir Bay (1.7%), Rosetta estuary (3.1%), Burullus fishing port (4.5%), Damietta Harbor (2.9%), and El Gamil lagoon inlet (1.9%). Assessment of HM grades indicates predominance of magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, leucoxene, garnet, zircon, and rutile. Results of the feasibility analysis indicate that dredged sediments at these study areas are considered as a potential source of EHMs and economically promising to be mined for HMs. The present study suggests a practical operative plan of two successive phases for HMs recycling: (1) in-situ initial separation of HMs on the dredger deck using wet-gravity spirals, then (2) transportation of the recovered HM concentrates to an onshore processing plant to selectively separate individual HMs via wet and dry magnetic and electrostatic separators. Alternatively, dredged sediments can be directly pumped to a nearby onshore area as stockpile to be recycled afterward in inland processing plant.     

Re-Suspension Technique for Improving Organic Rich Sediment-Water Quality in a Shallow Sea Area

The re-suspension method consists of (1) dispersion of the sediment by air-water jets, (2) pumping of the suspension (small particles and organic matter), (3) settlement in a tank, (4) filtration and (5) disposal of solids (followed by incineration in this case). The pilot test was performed to clean up an area of 3000 m². The dispersed depth of the bottom was approximately 50 cm. The time spent for the work was two weeks. The amount of re-suspended solid removed from the bottom was about 8 tonnes in dry mass. Since the solids contain high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorous (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N) and sulfides, the remaining sediment was considerably improved. Quantitative analyses showed that the full-scale implementation would enable the removal of about 10% of the re-suspended solids, and reduce COD by 95%, T-P by 50%, T-N by 100% and sulfide by 75% for re-deposited sediments in comparison to the original sediments.     

影响南海混合层盐度季节变化的因素分析

通过对1950-2012年的南海混合层盐度数据进行分析,发现影响南海北部和南部盐度季节变化的最主要因素存在很大的差异.在南海北部,影响混合层盐度季节变化的最主要因素是蒸发降水,其次是水平平流.随着逐步南移,蒸发降水对盐度季节变化的影响递减,水平平流的影响逐渐增大;而在南海南部,水平平流的作用超过蒸发降水成为影响盐度的季节变化的最主要因素.在整个南海区域,冬季海水垂直混合变强,混合层变厚,下层高盐海水进入混合层,使混合层海水盐度变高,从而对冬季海水盐度的上升趋势产生促进作用;夏季南海北部混合层底存在上升流,南海东南部由于Ekman输运导致混合层变厚,都会将混合层以下高盐海水带入混合层,使混合层海水盐度变高,从而对夏季海水盐度下降趋势产生阻碍作用,但垂直混合对盐度季节变化的影响不大,远小于蒸发降水和水平平流.     

Is there a link between deep‐sea biodiversity and ecosystem function?

Studying the diversity‐ecosystem function relationship in the deep sea is of primary importance in the face of biodiversity loss and for our understanding of how the deep sea functions. Results from the first study of diversity‐ecosystem function relationships in the deep sea (Danovaro et al. 2008; Current Biology, 18, 1–8) are unexpected and show an exponential relationship between deep‐sea nematode diversity and ecosystem function and efficiency, although this relationship appears largely restricted to relatively low diversities [ES(51) <25]. Here, we investigate the relationship between nematode diversity and several independent measures/proxies of ecosystem function (sediment community oxygen consumption, bacterial biomass, bacterial extracellular enzyme activity) and efficiency (ratio of bacterial/nematode carbon to organic C content of the sediment) on the New Zealand continental slope. Nematode diversity at our study sites was relatively high [ES(51) = 30–42], and there was no relationship between species/functional diversity and ecosystem function/efficiency after accounting for the effects of water depth and food availability. Our results are consistent with a breakdown of the exponential diversity‐function relationship at high levels of diversity, which may be due to increased competition or greater functional redundancy. Future studies need to take into account as many environmental factors and as wide a range of diversities as possible to provide further insights into the diversity‐ecosystem function relationship in the largest ecosystem on Earth.     

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征,并运用单因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb的含量符合二类海水标准外,其余含量均符合一类海水标准,且远低于渔业水质标准限值;表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准,基本属于无污染区;本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高;红树林及暗滩沉积物中重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高,表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区,东寨港目前可能受到了陆源污染的影响;生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准,符合无公害水产品的要求。     

海岸沙坝近底悬移质通量实验研究

为了研究海岸沙坝的产生和演化机理,对不规则波和波群作用下沙坝上方的近底悬移质通量进行了实验研究。分析了短波、长波和平均水流对悬移质通量的影响。结果表明:各种波况下平均水流和长波的作用始终使泥沙向离岸方向输移,而短波的作用使泥沙向岸方向运动;平均水流引起的泥沙输移始终占主要成分,长波的次之。不规则波情况下平均水流的影响较规则波的情况相对较弱,三种成分对泥沙输运的贡献属于同一量级。波群情况下长波的影响随着波浪群性的增强而加大,短波的不明显,而平均水流的影响则随着波浪群性的增强而减弱。     

静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度的理论与试验研究

介绍了一种用于海底沉积物取样的静水压力取样器,它能依次利用重力势能和静水压力能,将其转换为冲击动能,以冲击形式将取样管插入海底沉积物进行取样。结合既定取样器对其冲击头的冲击速度进行了理论推导,并提出相关经验公式。通过取样器冲击试验,验证了静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度理论模型的正确性和合理性。在理论推导和实验验证的基础上,对影响取样器冲击头冲击速度三个主要因素进行了探讨,并提出了提高冲击头冲击速度的具体措施。     

入海河口闸下河道泥沙淤积危害评估研究

入海河口闸下河道淤积会带来防洪排涝安全问题、影响上游的排灌环境、恶化下游的通航条件、威胁水闸的正常运行等,本文主要针对其增大防洪排涝灾害风险进行探讨。首先介绍了海河流域主要入海河口和苏北里下四港闸下河道的淤积情况和排水能力的变化,然后根据闸下淤积影响因子、洪涝灾害发生频率和抗灾能力等指数建立了风险评估体系,以海河流域和江苏里下四河为例,划分闸下淤积危害为五级,分别为极轻危害、轻危害、中危害、较重危害和重危害。计算分析表明:海河流域的海河闸和永定河闸闸下河道淤积为较重危害,泥沙淤积为严重淤积;独流减河闸下淤积为中危害,泥沙淤积为相对严重淤积。江苏里下四河的射阳河闸和黄沙港闸闸下淤积为较重危害,泥沙淤积为严重淤积;新洋港闸和斗龙港闸闸下淤积为中危害,泥沙淤积为相对严重淤积。