Predicting sediment transport by interrill overland flow on rough surfaces

Modelling soil erosion requires an equation for predicting the sediment transport capacity by interrill overland flow on rough surfaces. The conventional practice of partitioning total shear stress into grain and form shear stress and predicting transport capacity using grain shear stress lacks rigour and is prone to underestimation. This study therefore explores the possibility that inasmuch as surface roughness affects flow hydraulic variables which, in turn, determine transport capacity, there may be one or more hydraulic variables which capture the effect of surface roughness on transport capacity suffciently well for good predictions of transport capacity to be achieved from data on these variables alone. To investigate this possibility, regression analyses were performed on data from 1506 flume experiments in which discharge, slope, water temperature, rainfall intensity, and roughness size, shape and concentration were varied. The analyses reveal that 89·8 per cent of the variance in transport capacity can be accounted for by excess flow power and flow depth. Including roughness size and concentration in the regression improves that explained variance by only 3·5 per cent. Evidently, flow depth, when used in combination with excess flow power, largely captures the effect of surface roughness on transport capacity. This finding promises to simplify greatly the task of developing a general sediment equation for interrill overland flow on rough surfaces. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小浪底水库淤积形态数值模拟

水库淤积形态是影响库容分布、水库排沙的一项重要因素。小浪底水库近坝段淤积泥沙粒径极细,具有流动性,针对其细颗粒泥沙淤积特点,揭示了水库细颗粒淤积物的流变特性与流型特征;通过引入水、淤积物、床面之间的界面受力分析,构建了细颗粒淤积物失稳流动描述模式,并与水沙输移模型相耦合,建立了考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特性的水库淤积形态模拟方法,在此基础上对小浪底水库淤积形态进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:低密度细颗粒淤积物为宾汉型流体,淤积平衡坡降较小,当其密度大于1.25 g/cm 3后,流动性快速减弱;考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特征的水库淤积形态模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究成果可为水库淤积形态形成机理及其对水沙调控的响应研究提供技术支撑。     

冲绳海槽表层沉积物放射虫属种空间分布特征及其影响因素

为探究冲绳海槽放射虫属种的空间分布特征及其海洋学意义,对采自冲绳海槽北部、中部和南部3个海域的34个表层沉积物中的放射虫群落组成特征进行了系统研究。总体看来,冲绳海槽表层沉积物放射虫丰度较高,群落组成以热带-亚热带暖水放射虫属种为主,其中优势种为Tetrapyle octacantha group、Spongodiscus resurgens和Euchitonia furcata。结果表明冲绳海槽放射虫属种存在明显的区域差异性,除T.octacantha group以外,其余暖水指示种含量总体上均呈现南高北低的变化趋势。冲绳海槽北部陆架-陆坡区受长江冲淡水的影响,温度和盐度变化较为剧烈,因此可能不利于大多数放射虫暖水指示种的发育,但T.octacantha group却因自身适宜生存的温度范围较大,进而得以在冲绳海槽北部陆坡区呈现出高值。较高的中层水温度可能是抑制亚北极中层水指示种Cycladophora davisiana在冲绳海槽分布的主要因素,而冲绳海槽的高海槛则限制了太平洋深层水种Carpocanistrum papillosum和Cornutella profunda的入侵。冲绳海槽放射虫的空间分布对区域海洋环境特征有着很好的响应,因此可以为古环境重建研究提供重要依据。     

Evaluating overland flow sediment transport capacity

An equation for evaluating the sediment transport capacity of overland flow is a necessary part of a physically based soil erosion model describing sediment detachment and transport as distributed processes. At first, for the hydraulic conditions of small-scale and large-scale roughness, the sediment transport capacity relationship used in the WEPP model is calibrated by Yalin and Govers' equation. The analysis shows that the transport coefficient K_t depends on the Shields parameter, Y, according to a semi-logarithmic (Yalin) or a linear (Govers) equation. The reliability of the semi-logarithmic equation is verified by Smart's, and Aziz and Scott's experimental data. Then the Low's formula, whose applicability is also proved by Smart's, and Aziz and Scott's data, is transformed as a stream power equation in which a stream power coefficient, K_SP, depending on Shields parameter, slope, sediment and water-specific weight, appears. A relationship between transport capacity and effective stream power is also proposed. Finally, the influence of rainfall on sediment transport capacity and the prediction of critical shear stress corresponding to overland flow are examined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Colloid particle sizes in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries,from Minneapolis to below New Orleans

An on-board technique was developed that combined discharge-weighted pumping to a high-speed continuous-flow centrifuge for isolation of the particulate-sized material with ultrafiltration for isolation of colloid-sized material. In order to address whether these processes changed the particle sizes during isolation, samples of particles in suspension were collected at various steps in the isolation process to evaluate changes in particle size. Particle sizes were determined using laser light-scattering photon correlation spectroscopy and indicated no change in size during the colloid isolation process. Mississippi River colloid particle sizes from twelve sites from Minneapolis to below New Orleans were compared with sizes from four tributaries and three seasons, and from predominantly autochthonous sources upstream to more allochthonous sources downstream. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Provenance discrimination of fine sediments by mid-infrared spectroscopy: Calibration and application to fluvial palaeo-environmental reconstruction

Determining sediment provenance allows a better understanding of fluvial palaeo-dynamics, and identifying involved watersheds, at broad spatio-temporal scales. Conventional approaches for source identification are usually based on the physical, mineralogical, geochemical, magnetic or isotopic properties of sediments. Rapid, non-destructive and, in well-established contexts, highly accurate, mid-infrared spectroscopy is an alternative method for investigating sediment sources. The present research objectives are: (i) to use the mid-infrared spectroscopy method to discriminate the provenance of fine sediments, by applying discriminant analysis on a large set of reference samples from three different watersheds in the Upper Rhine area (associated with the Rhine, Ill and Vosges tributaries); (ii) to clarify whether the provenance spectra signatures are influenced by riverine depositional contexts (bars versus banks) and, to some extent, by grain size and/or high organic matter content; and (iii) to apply the mid-infrared spectroscopy – discriminant analysis method to a study of fluvial palaeo-dynamics and determine the provenance of palaeo-channel infillings. Three main sedimentary sources, divided into eight sub-categories, have been characterized by 196 modern reference samples from 78 collecting sites. Discriminant analysis displayed a strong separating power by classifying correctly the origin of samples without any inter-group overlap, independently from the geomorphological context (bar or bank) and associated slight changes in organic matter contents or grain size. Mid-infrared spectroscopy – discriminant analysis investigations of the palaeo-channel infill, complemented by radiocarbon dates and mineralogical data, allowed reconstructing general trends for the local morpho-sedimentary dynamics over the last ca 12 millennia.     

珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷上渐新统—早中新统物源特征及其对沉积充填的影响

利用化学蚀变指数法恢复物源区的风化历史及沉积物通量是一种经济实用、行之有效的方法。前人对珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷对应物源区的研究相对薄弱。本文通过对区内岩心测试数据进行化学蚀变指数分析,恢复晚渐新世—早中新世物源区的风化历史,并进行沉积物通量的估算,在此基础上探讨物源特征对研究区内沉积充填的控制作用。研究表明,晚渐新世研究区对应物源区经历了强烈风化阶段,该阶段产生的丰富的沉积物供给是研究区西北部快速进积、规模壮观的陆架边缘三角洲及斜坡重力流沉积体系发育的重要控制因素之一;早中新世,西北物源区风化减弱,沉积供给减少,但研究区东部沉积物供应较西部要充分得多,表明早中新世,研究区南部除了来自西北部的主要物源外,局部物源对该时期的沉积具有重要影响;推测东部物源(东部古隆起、兴宁古隆起)的突然复活是促进研究区东部早中新世沟槽形成发育的重要原因之一。在超深水区进行沉积物源区的研究中,这种半定量的方法对盆内局部物源的确定具有重要的指示意义。     

基于水体光学分类的鄱阳湖悬沙浓度反演方法研究

鄱阳湖是我国重要的湿地生态系统,对调节流域的水沙变化有着重要作用。由于鄱阳湖湖区面积广,内部差异大,单一的悬浮泥沙反演模型不足以准确反演出湖区的悬浮泥沙浓度。以实测的反射光谱数据、泥沙浓度数据为基础,提出一种基于分类后的反演模型,即根据实测数据的光谱形态特征分类出5种典型的水体类型。在此基础上,将分类后的各类水体分别建立各自合适的反演模型进行反演。结果表明基于水体分类的经验模型反演达到满意效果,平均绝对误差为0.00217g/L,平均相对误差为3.022%。基于分类后的经验反演模型适用于鄱阳湖悬沙浓度分布的监测研究,有助于更加宏观、准确的掌握鄱阳湖泥沙浓度的空间分布和变化,为保持鄱阳湖资源的可持续开发与利用提供决策依据。     

现场抽滤法在悬浮物浊度分析中的应用探讨

以悬浮物浊度标定为研究对象,通过对不同分析方法得到的浓度结果与浊度仪之间相关性的分析,探索悬浮物浓度测量的较佳方案。根据实测数据的对比分析,发现现场抽滤法相较于自然焚烧法、室内抽滤法和沉淀烘干法,具有省时间、低费用、高效率和可靠性高的特点。主要原因为室内各类分析方法相较于现场抽滤会出现较多不确定的影响因素,包括运输存储过程中容器瓶壁的吸附作用、水样微生物的滋长以及方法本身的系统误差,如焚烧法操作过程,有机物在高温环境下挥发,致使分析处理的研究对象与观测仪器所测不同,导致产生比较大的误差。现场抽滤法不但适合在水流比较平稳的内河使用,而且在流态复杂,泥沙浓度变化较大的河口地区的泥沙浓度测量中也具有的较强实用性。     

The structure,depositional style and accumulation characteristics of continental margin with diachronous breakup in the northern South China Sea

ABSTRACT

A typical diachronous breakup developed in the South China Sea (SCS); the breakup has been unequivocally identified, and gradually decreases in age from NE to SW. To illustrate the influence of a diachronous breakup on hydrocarbon accumulation, we used seismic profiles from CNOOC, and analysed crustal extension characteristics, sedimentary style and source rock accumulation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Because of the diachronous breakup in the SCS, various tectonic units developed in different positions on the northern continental margin with different degrees of extension. The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is closer to the central sea basin of the SCS and has been affected by regional tension stress for a longer time. Tectonic units of proximal domain, necking zone, and distal margin types developed, and the crust structure thinned from the land towards the sea. The Qiongdongnan Basin (QB) is closer to the Southwest Sub-basin. There are symmetrical proximal domains on the southern and northern sides of the QB, with a necking zone in the central part. It presents as an abandoned passive continental margin. (2) The PRMB exhibited rifted cells first, followed by canyon type extensional faulting and horizontal axial transportation, and then by a longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary style. But the QB has only rifted cells and canyon type faulting stages, no longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary stage. The major source rocks in the northern SCS become younger from east to west, and the sedimentary facies change from lacustrine facies to marine-continental transitional facies. (3) The diachronous breakup process ultimately affecting oil and gas migration and accumulation process. The PRMB is dominated by deep-water shelf break accumulation with deep-water fan reservoir bodies. The QB is dominated by canyon type accumulation with channels.