渤海大型底栖动物次级生产力的初步研究

1998年 9月和 1999年 4月分别对渤海 2 0个站进行了大型底栖动物两个航次的调查取样。整个研究海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为 6 .4 9g(AFDW) /(m2 · a) ,其中渤海海峡以东海域较高 ,为 12 .5 9g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ;渤海中部为 4 .4 6 g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ,渤海大型底栖动物年平均 P/B为 0 .82     

Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single- and two-phase hydrocarbon columns

Cap-rock seals can be divided genetically into those that fail by capillary leakage (membrane seals) and those whose capillary entry pressures are so high that seal failure preferentially occurs by fracturing and/or wedging open of faults (hydraulic seals). A given membrane seal can trap a larger oil column than gas column at shallow depths, but below a critical depth (interval), gas is more easily sealed than oil. This critical depth increases with lower API gravity, lower oil GOR and overpressured conditions (for the gas phase). These observations arise from a series of modelling studies of membrane sealing and can be conveniently represented using pressure/ depth (P/D) profiles through sealed hydrocarbon columns. P/D diagrams have been applied to the more complex situation of the membrane sealing of a gas cap underlain by an oil rim; at seal capacity, such a two-phase column will be always greater than if only oil or gas occurs below the seal.These conclusions contrast with those for hydraulic seals where the seal capacity to oil always exceeds that for gas. Moreover, a trapped two-phase column, at hydraulic seal capacity will be less than the maximum-allowed oil-only column, but more than the maximum gas-only column. Unlike membrane seals, hydraulic seal capacity should be directly related to cap-rock thickness, in addition to the magnitude of the minimum effective stress in the sealing layer and the degree of overpressure development in the sequence as a whole.Fault-related seals are effectively analogous to membrane cap-rocks which have been tilted to the angle of the fault plane. Consequently, all of the above conclusions derived for membrane cap-rocks apply to both sealing faults sensu stricto (fault plane itself seals) and juxtaposition faults (hydrocarbon trapped laterally against a juxtaposed sealing unit). The maximum-allowed two-phase column trapped by a sealing fault is greater than for equivalent oil-only and gas-only columns, but less than that predicted for a horizontal membrane cap-rock under similar conditions. Where a two-phase column is present on both sides of a sealing fault (which is at two-phase seal capacity), a deeper oil/water contact (OWC) in one fault block is associated with a deeper gas/oil contact (GOC) compared with the adjacent fault block. If the fault seal is discontinuous in the gas leg, however, the deeper OWC is accompanied by a shallower GOC, whereas a break in the fault seal in the oil leg results in a common OWC in both fault blocks, even though separate GOC's exist. Schematic P/D profiles are provided for each of the above situations from which a series of fundamental equations governing single- and two-phase cap-rock and fault seal capacities can be derived. These relationships may have significant implications for exploration prospect appraisal exercises where more meaningful estimates of differential seal capacities can be made.The membrane sealing theory developed herein assumes that all reservoirs and seals are water-wet and no hydrodynamic flow exists. The conclusions on membrane seal capacity place constraints on the migration efficiency of gas along low-permeabiligy paths at depth where fracturing, wedging open of faults and/or diffusion process may be more important. Contrary to previous assertions, it is speculated that leakage of hydrocarbons through membrane seals occurs in distinct pulses such that the seal is at or near the theoretically calculated seal capacity, once this has been initially attained.Finally, the developed seal theory and P/D profile concepts are applied to a series of development geological problems including the effects of differential depletion, and degree of aquifer support, on sealing fault leakage, and the evaluation of barriers to vertical cross-flow using RFT profiles through depleted reservoirs. It is shown that imbibition processes and dynamic effects related to active cross-flow across such barriers often preclude quantitative analysis and solution of these problems for which simulation studies are usually required.     

长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的初步研究

为了解长江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的分布情况于2004年2月、5月、8月和11月共4个航次分别在长江口40个观测站采集大型底栖动物定量样品并利用Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值进行了研究计算.该调查海域共采到大型底栖动物202种,其中多毛类102种,软体动物51种,甲壳类27种,棘皮动物7种,其它动物15种.大型底栖动物年平均丰度为394.7 ind/m2;年平均生物量以去灰分干重计,为2.58 g(AFDW)/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰分干重计,为3.52 g(AFDW)/(m2*a);P/B值平均为1.53.结果表明,长江口大型底栖动物次级生产力自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势.本文分析了长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物优势种的组成,主要生态类群的分布特征和次级生产力分布格局与生态环境的关系.通过比较,发现长江口大型底栖动物优势种发生了较大的变化;次级生产力高于东海而低于渤海和胶州湾;P/B值高于南黄海、胶州湾和渤海,也说明了长江口大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短,代谢快的种类所占的比例高于以上海域.     

基于多元统计分析的渔山列岛潮间带软体动物功能群和次级生产力比较

渔山列岛于2008年成为国家级海洋生态保护区,为了解渔山列岛保护区内潮间带软体动物次级生产力的时空变化。于1982年和2010年的3个季节(春、夏、冬)在渔山列岛进行潮间带软体动物调查,采用多元统计分析软体动物时空差异,以Brey经验公式计算分析软体动物次级生产力(P值,P/B值)。结果表明,年际间物种食性结构发生了明显的改变,1982年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有单齿螺(Monodonta labio)、锈凹螺(Chlorostoma rustica),占软体动物总次级生产力的42.88%,2010年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有覆瓦小蛇螺(Serpulorbis imbricata)、条纹隔贻贝(Septifer virgatus),占软体动物总次级生产力的75.96%。1982年,年均栖息密度为2758ind/m2,年均生物量为2100.26g/m2,年均次级生产力为240.04g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.63a–1;2010年,年均栖息密度为699ind/m2,年均生物量为1101.85g/m2,年均次级生产力为94.82g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.55a–1。多因素方差分析表明软体动物次级生产力年际间差异显著(F=5.761,P0.05),季节间和潮位间差异都不显著(F=0.135,P0.05;F=2.076,P0.05),P/B的值较低,表明该海域软体动物世代更替速度较慢,2010年的P/B值(0.55a–1)低于1982年的P/B值(0.63a–1),表明近30年来群落结构受到影响。     

胶州湾女姑山水域夏季赤潮高发期浮游植物群落结构特征

根据 1998年 5～ 8月夏季赤潮高发期间 ,胶州湾女姑山水域浮游植物群落结构的种群组成特征和演替变化对赤潮的发生和种群变动特点进行初步研究。结果表明 ,夏季女姑山水域的浮游植物主要由硅、甲藻组成 ,硅藻在细胞和物种丰度上都占优势。浮游植物优势种在调查期间出现明显的演替现象 ,水温的升高和营养条件的变化是引起物种演替的主要原因。浮游植物细胞丰度在夏季呈明显的增长趋势 ,从 5月份 6.3× 10 5个cell/m3 增至 8月份的 6.7× 10 6个cell/m3 ;其中 ,由于赤潮的爆发 ,细胞丰度的最高峰出现在 7月份 ,为 1.5× 10 7个 /m3 。在赤潮爆发期间 ,赤潮原因种高齿状藻和中肋骨条藻发生了明显的演替现象 ,不同细胞大小的优势种和营养条件的变化是发生物种演替的主要原因。叶绿素a的浓度和细胞丰度的变化共同反映了赤潮发生的全部过程。     

基准网平差初至波定位方法及应用

在滩浅海地震勘探中,由于海水深度和潮流的变化,在水面上按照预定位置沉放的检波器,在海底不可能放置在预定的位置。为此,利用基准网平差初至波定位方法对海底检波器位置进行了准确的二次定位,并对初至波二次定位和声波二次定位进行了比较分析。基准网平差初至波定位方法在KD-1滩浅海地区高精度地震勘探应用中取得了良好的效果。     

组织培养板在获取微藻种质中的应用

报道一种基于选择演替和及时显微跟踪的原理获取一次野外水样中多种微藻的方法。利用组织培养板方便的显微观测条件和适宜容积提供微藻存活的空间,在不同培养条件下,进行微藻群落演替、及时显微跟踪检测和优势种分离,可以使野外水样初期低生物量种类优势化,以利于纯系种质的获得。并通过不同演替条件获得其中出现的未鉴定或初期样品中未检出的种质,提供进一步研究的基础。该方法在获取微藻种质和种质库建设上不失为一可行技术手段。论文以一次野外采集海水样品在不同营养条件下的主要优势种类演替跟踪检测、低生物量种质优势化过程和纯系种质分离为例,说明该方法在获取微藻种质中的应用。     

Development of fouling communities on vertical structures in the Baltic Sea

The pillars of the bridge connecting the Island of Öland with the Swedish mainland were rebuilt between 1990 and 2000. The renovation produced pristine vertical concrete substrates, which became submerged in known years and seasons. The fouling communities on the pillars were examined in 2001 to determine whether the community structure could be explained in terms of either orderly successional development or of seasonal variation in the settlement of benthic organisms. As well, the communities on the pillars were compared to communities on the vertical surfaces of boulders in the area. The results indicated that an annual species composition is the final stage in the succession on the observed, vertical constructions. The few perennial species add to the variation between pillars as they increase in biomass (Polysiphonia fucoides) or become out-competed (Balanus improvisus). Also, observed seasonal differences in the biomass of these perennial species indicated that the time of year free space becomes available might be an important determinant of the future structure of the community. Comparison between the pillar and boulder communities showed that the artificial structures were not surrogates for the natural hard substrate: pillar communities differed in that they lacked most perennial algal species and had a high biomass of B. improvisus.     

长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势

长江口及其邻近海域是我国近海有害藻华高发区之一。自2000年以来,由东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)等甲藻形成的大规模有害藻华连年暴发,对海水养殖业、人类健康和生态安全构成了严重威胁。以往调查和研究工作表明,长江口及其邻近海域藻华优势类群近年来已由硅藻逐渐转变为甲藻,同时,有害藻华原因种也表现出明显的年际变异特征和有毒有害藻种增多的态势,亟待解析其演变机理、趋势和驱动因素。长江口及其邻近海域受长江径流影响,富营养化问题突出,是大规模有害藻华形成的重要原因。同时,该海域也受到来自台湾东北部黑潮分支的影响,但对其与有害藻华的关系所知甚少。在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"支持下,针对这一问题开展了较为系统的调查和研究工作,本文对研究中得到的科学认识进行了初步总结。结果表明:东海黑潮分支能够到达长江口及其邻近海域赤潮区,影响该海域赤潮生物多样性状况;黑潮分支对长江口及其邻近海域甲藻赤潮发生过程具有重要调控作用;长江冲淡水和黑潮分支的共同作用决定了长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生过程和演变趋势。在现有结果基础上进一步分析和讨论了未来长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的研究方向,以期为进一步解析有害藻华演变趋势、提升有害藻华的监测和预警能力提供依据。     

深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物次级生产力研究

根据2005年3、6、9月和12月在深圳湾北岸泥滩9个取样站采集的大型底栖动物4个季度的定量样品,运用Brey(1990)的经验公式进行了大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.整个研究区域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值(去灰干重)为54.55g/(m2.a),其中观鸟屋附近泥滩(A断面)较高,为68.85g/(m2.a),凤塘河口附近泥滩(H断面)为50.62g/(m2.a)次之,沙嘴码头附近泥滩(F断面)较低,为44.18g/(m2.a),深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物年平均P/B为2.95.可见,大型底栖动物次级生产力越靠近深圳河河口越低,这与越靠近深圳河河口,大型底栖动物个体越小、生活史更短的结果是一致的.