Simulation of marine stratocumulus: effect of precipitation parameterization and sensitivity to droplet number concentration

Marine stratocumulus observations show a large variability in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) related to variability in aerosol concentration. Changes in CDNC modify the cloud reflectivity, but also affect cloud water content, cloud lifetime, and cloudiness, through changes in precipitation. In mesoscale models and general circulation models (GCMs), precipitation mechanisms are parameterized. Here we examine how the precipitation parameterization can affect the simulated cloud. Simulations are carried out with the one-dimensional version of the hydrostatic primitive equation model MAR (Modéle Atmosphérique Régional) developed at the Université catholique de Louvain. It includes a E- turbulence closure, a wide-band formulation of the radiative transfer, and a parameterized microphysics including prognostic equations for water vapour, cloud droplets and rain drops concentrations. In a first step, the model is used to simulate a horizontally homogeneous stratocumulus deck observed during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) on the night of 12–13 June 1992. The observations show that the model is able to realistically reproduce the vertical structure of the cloud-topped boundary layer. In a second step, several precipitation parameterizations commonly used in mesoscale models and GCMs are tested. It is found that most parameterizations tend to overestimate the precipitation, which results in an underestimation of the vertically integrated liquid water content. Afterwards, using those parameterizations that are sensitive to CDNC, several simulations are performed to estimate the effect of CDNC variations on the simulated cloud. Based upon the simulation results, we argue that currently used parameterizations do not enable assessment of such a sensitivity.     

Comments on “a Practical Method for Relating Scalar Concentrations to Source Distributions in Vegetation Canopies” by M. R. Raupach

This paper considers a modification to the localized near-field (LNF) theory for predicting scalar concentrations from source distributions in plant canopies. It is argued that the non-diffusive, near-field part of the transition probability P_n, and thus the near-field contribution of the scalar concentration C_n, in the original theory are simply errors. The (approximate) equality of the sum of C_n and the diffusive, far-field contribution C_f with the total scalar concentration C is not guaranteed in general by this theory. A revision is suggested.     

信江流域洪涝指数及其预报

采用逐日资料,把定性的降雨集中期在时间上和雨量上进行了量化,形成普遍适用的算式,并提出了雨量集中期的集中度的算式,进而建立了把雨量集中期、集中度与洪涝程度密切联系在一起的单站洪涝指数。在此基础上确定了流域雨量集中期、集中度及信江流域洪涝指数。最后,对信江流域洪涝指数作了预报试验。     

对计算土壤和岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率表面边界条件的讨论

本文对求解土壤或岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率的边界条件进行了探讨。以空气中无穷远处氡浓度为零（空气中无氡源）的自然边界条件代替空气与土壤或岩石交界面氡浓度为零的边界条件,给出了土壤和岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率的具体表达式。与前人研究结果比较,该式中增加了一项,表面氡析出率缩小了一个倍数。通过对土壤、岩石的具体计算．表明两种边界条件的计算结果有相当的偏差。同时,文中还讨论了在两类边界条件下对流对土壤或岩石中氡浓度及其表面析出率计算的影响。     

贵州西部煤层中若干有害微量元素的分布及迁移富集规律

煤中有害微量元素不仅影响煤的加工利用,而且对生态环境及人类健康有极大危害,本文利用现代分析测试手段,对贵州西部晚二叠世主采煤层中的有害微量元素Ａｓ,Ｆ,Ｈｇ,Ｐｔ,Ｃｄ等的含量,分布赋存状态及其迁移富集规律进行了研究。     

Measuring the Spatial Focus of Migration Patterns

The changing territorial concentration of migration flows is of interest to many geographers, yet we still do not have a widely accepted index of spatial focus. The much used index of migration efficiency has been shown to be an inadequate index of such spatial concentration, and two candidates have been suggested to replace it: the Gini index and the coefficient of variation. Both are examined in this paper, and a comparative assessment is offered. Data from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses are used to illustrate the two measures. An examination of the findings reveals that the coefficient of variation measure indicates higher levels of spatial focus than does the Gini index for states with highly concentrated flows.     

太阳辐射和地面气象要素的日环食效应

本文通过对1987年9月23日日环食期间太阳辐射和地面气象要素等实测资料的分析,指出了在日环食过程中太阳辐射和地面气象要素等的变化,也叙述了日食期间地面臭氧含量的变化;第一次在国内测得了由日食引起的大气重力波,进而讨论了大气重力波的若干特性.     

北京南郊观象台2008—2018年PM10质量浓度特征及其与主要气象因子的关系

利用北京市观象台2008年3月2019年2月PM₁₀质量浓度数据,通过均值、偏差、Daniel趋势检验相关分析及显著性检验等统计方法,结合主要气象因子,分析PM₁₀质量浓度变化特征。结果显示:2008-2018年PM₁₀质量浓度年均值总体呈显著下降趋势,但均未达到国家二级限值标准;春季的质量浓度最大,其次为秋、冬季的,夏季的最小;月均值呈“M”形变化特征。PM₁₀质量浓度总体呈周末的高于工作日的周末效应。PM₁₀质量浓度日变化呈早上及夜间的双峰形特征,各季节峰值出现时间略有差异。PM₁₀质量浓度随着风速的增大呈现先上升后下降的变化,在3.4 m·s^-1时最高,为269.1μg·m^-3。风向为偏东、北或偏南时,PM₁₀质量浓度超过二级限值标准的频次较高。PM₁₀质量浓度与降雪的相关性高于与同等级降水的相关性。     

南京地区土壤元素的人为活动环境富集系数研究

南京周边地区开展多目标地球化学调查获取了“双层土壤”各元素的含量,表层土壤的元素含量与其深层土壤元素含量之比值即称之为土壤中该元素的人为话动环境富集系数(简称环境富集系数),笔者介绍了有关环境富集系数的计算方法。通过对比研究区各元素环境富集系数分布特征,发现本区表层土壤中Si、Ti、La、Ce、Y、Sc、Zr、Th、U、W等元素与其自然土壤环境的含量相近,S、N、P、Hg、Pb、Cl、Br、Se等元素及有机碳呈现了显著的人为环境富集,I、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ca、Al、K等元素出现了地表贫化。最后探讨了深入开展土壤中元素环境富集系数研究的相关问题,并提出了建议。     

CO2浓度与土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉苗木影响的试验研究

全球气候变化对植物影响研究的主要内容是由于大气中CO2 浓度升高导致的气温升高和土壤干旱化对植物的影响。文中利用人工气候室试验研究了高CO2 浓度和土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉的影响 ,结果表明 :CO2 浓度升高使红松和云杉生长量的增长率提高 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木生长量的增长率下降 ,且CO2 浓度升高的正效应要小于土壤水分胁迫的负效应。CO2 浓度升高使树木叶水势增大 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木叶水势减小 ,这从植物生理的角度说明了CO2 浓度变化和土壤水分胁迫对树木的影响机理 ,且在轻度干旱的情况下 ,高CO2 浓度使树木叶水势增大 ,但随着土壤干旱程度的加重 ,树木的叶水势逐渐减小。同时 ,从实验结果还可以看出 ,虽然大气中CO2 浓度和土壤湿度变化对苗木的影响显著存在 ,但与农作物和牧草等植物相比 ,这种影响仍要小得多。