影响煤层构造变形特性与机理的关键因素

3个煤级的煤样高温高压实验结果表明,煤是一种温度敏感性较弱的岩石。影响煤层构造变形机理的关键因素是煤级,随煤级增高煤层塑性减弱、脆性增大。韧性变形主要发生在煤级较低的煤层,煤级较高煤层主要发生脆性变形。不能完全用煤层本身强度特性解释煤层容易发生强烈流变或成为拆离、滑脱层的现象,需考虑其它可能因素。     

Natural hazards in British Columbia: an interdisciplinary and inter-institutional challenge

 Although British Columbia experiences many natural hazards, there is as yet no unified policy to promote natural hazard management in the province. The problem is not in the quantity and quality of geoscience assessment of natural hazards, but instead, it is suggested, in the isolation of that work from broader risk perspectives and in the lack of clarity of division of responsibilities between various levels of government. The example of recent changes in perception of the terrain stability problem illustrates how natural hazard problems are driven by social and political priorities rather than by geoscience priorities. Received: 22 November 1998 / Accepted: 22 November 1998     

我国地理科学跨世纪发展的五点意见

今后20年是我国地理科学跨世纪发展的奠基期和开拓期。就端正学科发展认识、建立地理科学体系、加强系统分析能力、巩固城市—区域发展研究领域和地理学工作者本身的调整等五个方面的问题发表了意见。     

Genesis of lithium pegmatites from the leinster granite margin,southeast ireland: Geochemical constraints

Extensive and economically-important lithium pegmatites have been described from the eastern flank of the large S-type peraluminous Leinster Granite batholith in southeast Ireland. This flank area is also the locus of a major dip-slip ductile shear zone which was active during emplacement of the Tullow Lowlands pluton of the batholith. All the known bedrock occurrences of lithium pegmatite are contained within this marginal deformation zone. Most previous studies have suggested derivation of the lithium pegmatites by fractionation from the Leinster Granite itself, though none are conclusive. More recently, an anatectic model has been proposed whereby the pegmatites were derived by melting of Li-rich sediments adjacent to the batholithic contact. Our investigation has been concerned with a detailed study of the Rb-Sr isotope systematics and trace element geochemistry of the pegmatites and their host granitoids in an attempt to resolve the problem of pegmatite genesis. The results suggest a strong geochemical and temporal coherence between the Leinster Granite and the lithium pegmatites. A model is proposed in which Li enrichment in residual magmas may be linked to the development of muscovite instead of biotite in the Leinster Granite itself. The Li excluded from entry to biotite then accumulates in highly mobile, low-viscosity pegmatitic fluids which migrate into the marginal shear zone of the Tullow Lowlands pluton where they crystallize at considerably lower temperatures.     

材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文)

材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付     

地球空间信息科学在湖南国土资源可持续发展中的应用前景雏议

可持续发展是跨世纪多学科综合的重大学科领域,而地球空间信息科学是空间信息科学发展的重要成果。本文在阐述了地球空间信息科学的特点及发展现状,国土资源可持续发展的内涵和特点之后,简要探讨了地球空间信息科学在湖南国土资源可持续发展中的应用前景。     

Analysis on Marine Science and Technology Strategy and Key Layout of Japan and the Inspirations to China

The Basic Ocean Law (BOL) and Basic Ocean Plan (BLP) are important guarantee for the maritime strategy of Japan, which has established a complete policy system for the development of marine science and technology. On the other hand, the Japanese Government has started some major marine strategies and plans to promote the BLP. In this paper, the marine science and technology plans launched by the Japanese Government and its participation in the international cooperative research projects were introduced. The research of Japan Marine Science and Technology Center and the University of Tokyo Institute of Oceanography in the long-term planning and focus on the layout features, deep sea research technology layout, contents and advanced equipment were analyzed. At last, some recommendations for China’s development on marine science and technology were proposed, such as strengthening the legislation work and process, carrying out research and development of marine infrastructure with independent intellectual property rights, actively participating in international large-scale ocean plan, improving the discourse right and enhancing national maritime awareness and suggestions and so on.     

黑龙江省嫩江县三矿沟Cu-Fe-Mo矿床岩浆岩成因研究

三矿沟Cu-Fe-Mo矿床是大兴安岭地区三矿沟—多宝山构造-成矿带中一个比较典型的矽卡岩型矿床。在大量野外地质调查、室内岩矿鉴定的基础上,对与成矿有关的三矿沟复式英云(花岗)闪长岩体的岩石地球化学特征进行了分析,探讨了该岩体的成因类型和构造环境。研究表明,该矿床岩浆岩体属于钙碱性I型花岗岩,具有大陆地壳的特征,形成于与造山花岗岩有关的火山弧环境或相似的构造环境中,主要与造山阶段的火山弧花岗岩关系密切。稀土元素配分图显示向右缓倾斜的轻稀土元素富集型特点,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显,无明显的负铕异常,暗示其具有相同或相近的成因,也反映了同源岩浆的特点。δEu值介于0.81~1.24,δCe值为1.00~1.13,表明岩浆演化过程中发生了微弱的分离结晶作用,同时又受到同化混染作用的一定影响,其成岩环境氧逸度较低,指示了缺氧环境,有利于金属元素的积聚而形成矿床。     

Review of Earth Critical Zone Research

Since the Earth Critical Zone put forward by National Research Council of America in 2001, it has got a lot of attention and some significant progresses have been made. This paper summarized those Earth Critical Zone projects and related research plans organized and implemented by the United States of America, Germany, Australia, France, China and the European Union, as well as main scientific problems and future development direction in the study of Earth Critical Zone. According to research status of China, the four main research contents should be strengthened including structure, formation and evolution mechanism of Earth Critical Zone, the coulpling interaction mechanism between migration and transformation of material and multi-processes, sevice function and evolution features of Earth Critical Zone and its support and effect on sustainable development, model simulation of process and system of Earth Critical Zone. In addition, our country should actively conduct cooperation and communication with the advanced countries, and enhance our involvement in international key research plans.