BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

中小学布局水平指标体系的空间均衡性分析

针对目前只是通过单一的指标来对教育资源的均衡性进行评价,没有形成完整的指标体系的现状,为了从机会均等的视角反映基础教育,尤其是中小学布局的空间均衡性,该文运用网络分析方法,并从学校覆盖状况和入学便利程度两个角度建立了中小学布局水平的指标评价体系,并采用因子计算、均方差决策进行建模分析,在此基础上构建中小学布局水平指数,并以东营区为例进行了实验验证。分析结果表明:东营区下辖的街道中小学布局水平基本上达到均衡,而乡镇的中小学布局很不均衡,城乡间差异明显。中小学布局水平指标体系的建立不仅可以科学地评价中小学的空间均衡性,还可以为地理国情综合统计分析基础教育均等化的研究提供技术支撑。     

Toward Equal Opportunity of Primary Education: Introducing a Lottery into China’s Proximity-Based Enrollment System

A serious spatial inequality of educational opportunity in school enrollment persists worldwide. The use of random mechanisms in school allocation might improve spatial equality, with lotteries applied in some choice-based systems. China uses a proximity-based assignment, yet the optimization of spatial equality of educational opportunity by introducing a lottery has received little consideration. To achieve the maximum spatial equality of educational opportunity, in this study, a random proximity-based model was developed, and the swarm optimization method was used to solve the model. A case study in the Shijingshan district of Beijing was used to illustrate the model outputs. For comparison, a proximity-based model was also developed and solved. After introducing a lottery into a proximity-based enrollment system, the spatial disparity of educational opportunity was reduced by 70 percent. The average travel distance to school increased 3.5-fold but was still much less than the actual average distance of 4.3?km. Relaxing the maximum travel distance constraint could significantly improve spatial inequality. Although total equality was significantly improved, only 51 percent of students benefited from increased opportunities, which implies that the model could be adopted in a centralized institutional context, such as China, but might be ineffective in a democratic system.     

企业迁移研究进展

企业迁移研究对区域经济统筹发展、区域政策的制定具有重要的指导意义．本研究通过梳理国内外相关文献,从企业迁移的类型、三大基础理论学派的对比和国内外在实证研究的研究内容和方法上的差异等3个方面对企业迁移研究进行了较为系统的回顾与总结,并提出未来研究的展望,指出企业迁移的内部因素、企业迁移与区域经济发展的关系、企业迁移的绩效研究等应成为未来研究的重点领域．     

Local Impacts of Unconventional Gas Development within Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale Region: Gauging Boomtown Development through the Perspectives of Educational Administrators

Using survey and interview data gathered from educators and educational administrators, we investigate school and community impacts of unconventional gas extraction within Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale region. Respondents in areas with high levels of drilling are significantly more likely to perceive the effects of local economic gains, but also report increased inequality, heightened vulnerability of disadvantaged community members, and pronounced strains on local infrastructure. As community stakeholders in positions of local leadership, school leaders in areas experiencing Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction often face multiple decision-making dilemmas. These dilemmas occur in the context of incomplete information and rapid, unpredictable community change involving the emergence of both new opportunities and new insecurities.     

欧美地缘经济理论发展脉络及其内涵特征探析

20世纪90年代初欧美地缘经济学一经诞生,就备受关注、讨论及推崇,但在其性质及内涵的认识上则出现了诸多分歧,已影响到学科理论及实践的进一步发展。从地缘经济理论发生学角度,对欧美地缘经济学的实践背景、理论缘起、发展流派等进行回顾与梳理,以辨析其性质及内涵特征。主要研究结论如下:(1)欧美地缘经济学具有深刻而丰富的理论渊源,世界范围内地缘经济合作实践二度兴起,成为理论内涵的重要来源及宏观背景。多个相关或相近学科的研究成果,为其提供了理论准备,地缘政治学则是其直接理论来源;(2)随着地缘经济学理论的地域扩散,形成了以美国、意大利和俄罗斯为中心的多个各具特色的理论学派。不同学科及其分支理论、观点与流派之间相互借鉴、交叉与融合,使其变得极为庞博复杂;(3)地缘经济学已形成有别于地缘政治学的理论内涵及特征,不过总体上处于学科理论的初创阶段,其研究边界尚不清晰、核心理论有待建立、学科体系有待完善。     

A GIS approach to modelling CO2 emissions associated with the pupil-school commute

Concerns have been raised in numerous countries over declining rates of active transport to school. In a UK context, the pupil-school commute is estimated to contribute around 658 kilotonnes of CO₂ per year; however, tackling this issue effectively requires an improved understanding of how emissions can be modelled and mapped over a variety of scales. This paper implements a new estimation technique for the modelling of CO₂ emissions linked with the school commute that integrates both transport network-level routing and geographically disaggregate vehicle emissions data. The model is then applied to a national cohort of pupils in England. Areas demonstrating the highest emissions were typically more rural and/or comprising more affluent resident populations. Emissions were also shown to increase with school year, with larger step changes between educational stages reflecting the different geography of school locations. Furthermore, where secondary school entry policies were selective or based on a religious domination, average emissions were typically higher than in non-selective schools.     

中小学建筑空间设计

中小学建筑作为实现我国基础教育的载体,肩负着教育下一代、为社会培养人材的历史使命。新时代的校园应努力培养学生的创新意识和创新能力,造就全面发展型人才。本文结合青少年学习特点,以中小学校建筑空间设计为出发点,结合工程实际经验,探讨创造出更加适宜青少年生长发育、健康成长的学习、交往空间,期望"快乐教育"成为主题。     

Seedbed of Reform: Arnold Guyot and School Geography in Massachusetts, 1849–1855

Abstract

Swiss-born Arnold Henri Guyot (1807–1884) was the first professionally trained geographer to hold an academic position in the United States. After his migration to this country in 1848 he lived for several years in Massachusetts. During this period he introduced contemporary German-Swiss ideas of geography to key opinion leaders in an important series of lectures (published as Earth and Man), established a system of weather stations, and lectured on methods of teaching geography in Massachusetts teachers' institutes and normal schools. This article discusses Guyot's work in the reform of school geography in Massachusetts as the seedbed for his later, better-known work as the author of innovative textbooks and other teaching aids.