内陆河小流域综合治理对景观格局的影响——以童子坝河流域为例

以1987年、2000年、2008年3期Landsat TM影像为信息源,在GIS 技术和景观分析软件Fragstats3.3支持下,获得了民乐县童子坝河流域研究区不同时期的景观类型信息和描述景观格局特征的8个景观指数数据,利用这些数据分析了实施综合治理前后流域景观格局的变化。结果表明:①在类型水平上,各种草地景观类型的斑块呈现边缘整齐、形状规则的特点,斑块的破碎化程度减小,聚合度增加;特别是高覆盖度草地的斑块数目、平均斑块面积都呈增加趋势,斑块边界形状变得连续、规则,显现出人为干扰的痕迹;河床、河漫滩景观的斑块数目减少,斑块边界形状趋于规整,贯穿连通性增强\.②在景观水平上,景观空间格局规整有序,景观多样性提高,异质性增加,破碎化程度减小,空间连接性增强,以高覆盖度草地为主的景观优势显著体现出来。③综合治理措施实施对童子坝河流域景观格局的影响是积极有效的,这可为内陆河小流域继续开展生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

The contribution of physical geography to environmental public policy development in Mexico

In recent years, physical geography in Mexico has contributed to the enterprise of geographical science by integrating with fields of study closely related to topics of sustainable development. This paper outlines the contribution of the discipline to environmental public policy development, particularly ecological land use planning and integrated watershed management. In terms of applications, physical geography appears to have reached a stage of maturity in Mexico. However, it must offer a stronger leadership in areas such as ecoregional analysis (in an integrated fashion, and not only from the biological‐ecological perspective) and regional vulnerability to global change processes. An excellent opportunity exists for scientists and decision makers to develop a common agenda.     

Back to the Future? Planning for environmental outcomes and the new Caring for our Country program

The Australian government Caring for our Country (CfoC) program, first announced in 2008, has sought to build on and enhance previous experience with Australian natural resource management policy. This paper critically examines the initial design, planned delivery, and first round of competitive funding outcomes of the new program. This analysis shows that the initial design and delivery of the CfoC model was ad hoc, politicised, and lacking in transparency. The paper concludes that a more systematic and transparent approach for achieving sustainable environmental outcomes is required in order for this new program to achieve its intended objectives. These implications are of interest to Australian and international geographers, natural resource planners, scientists and policy makers concerned with the design, delivery and outcomes of large natural resource and environmental management programs.     

滇越铁路车站等级设置与周边城镇化关系的探讨

滇越铁路是云南也是西南地区最早修建的一条铁路,沿线车站共设5等:特等、一等、二等、三等、小站,按各县/市内最高等级车站将研究区相应划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ5个区。滇越铁路不同等级车站设置对周边城镇化进程的影响不尽相同,特等站产生显著影响,Ⅰ区人口增长尤为突出(高达214.5%),远高于其他4个区(均低于100%);一等、二等、三等站因有关区域各具特色影响程度较为相当,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区内人口增长速度相似(69.1%、76.6%、73.2%);小站影响较小,Ⅴ区内人口在通车时最多但增长极为缓慢(仅27%)。就人口密度与车站等级设置的关系来说,与特等站有一定关系,与其他等级车站则关系不大,这是因为人口密度与城镇自身发展历史更为密切。     

旅游者生态责任价值与培育途径探讨——以云南普者黑景区为例

环境恶化给旅游业带来了巨大的挑战,云南普者黑旅游景区也未幸免,通过数理统计与定性分析,发现景区水质恶化、大气受到不同程度的污染、动植物生境遭到不同程度的破坏,保护景区生态迫在眉睫。旅游者是景区生态环境保护不可忽视的群体,其承担生态责任有利于景区生态安全;可以有效提高社区其他公众的生态意识;有利于政府部门更好地贯彻落实可持续发展观。因此,通过加强生态伦理教育,完善景区旅游解说系统,加快生态社区建设可以有效培育旅游者的生态责任,从而实现普者黑景区旅游业的可持续发展。     

Agricultural effluent control under uncertainty: An inexact double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained model

An inexact double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IDFCCP) method was developed in this study and applied to an agricultural effluent control management problem. IDFCCP was formulated through incorporating interval linear programming (ILP) into a double-sided fuzzy chance-constrained programming (DFCCP) framework, and could be used to deal with uncertainties expressed as not only possibility distributions associated with both left- and right-hand-side components of constraints but also discrete intervals in the objective function. The study results indicated that IDFCCP allowed violation of system constraints at specified confidence levels, where each confidence level consisted of two reliability scenarios. This could lead to model solutions with high system benefits under acceptable risk magnitudes. Furthermore, the introduction of ILP allowed uncertain information presented as discrete intervals to be communicated into the optimization process, such that a variety of decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting the decision-variable values within their intervals. The proposed model could help decision makers establish various production patterns with cost-effective water quality management schemes under complex uncertainties, and gain in-depth insights into the trade-offs between system economy and reliability.     

Estimation on Aesthetic Value of Tourist Landscapes in a Natural Heritage Site： Kanas National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China

Most world natural heritage sites are designated partly by reason of their prominent aesthetic values in accordance with Article Ⅶ of World Natural Heritage Convention.In this paper, the aesthetic values of Kanas National Nature Reserve, which has potential for such designation, was analyzed quantitatively using scenic beauty estimation(SBE).The landscapes of 19 representative scenic spots in the Kanas National Nature Reserve in summer and autumn were selected as the objects of evaluation.The contributions of different landscape factors to the aesthetic value of the Kanas National Nature Reserve were revealed using a multivariate quantitative model.The main factors affecting the aesthetic value were waterscapes, vegetation, mountains, folk culture and the tourist environment.The t-test and F-test results are extremely significant.According to the results, some suggestions were given for conserving the landscapes in the Kanas National Nature Reserve.     

基于知识对象的土地管理空间数据库模型设计与实现

空间数据模型建立的目的是反映现实世界。当今的GIS系统的空间数据模型,主要反映地图制图领域的点、线、面对象管理与操作的几何知识。本文通过对比研究,发现土地管理空间概念的领域知识,包含几何知识。几何知识是依据几何特征属性识别的土地管理领域知识之一。将土地管理领域空间概念的领域知识对象化,建立与几何知识对象等价的对象组件,扩展对象关系型的空间数据模型,建立了"[领域空间知识对象]+[GIS的点、线、面的几何对象]+[扩展属性]"的空间数据模型。这种模型简化了空间数据库的管理操作,降低了对工作人员制图专业知识的要求,降低了空间对象实例与其属性的耦合度,减少了政策变化对数据的影响程度,提高了数据的稳定性和共享度。鉴于这种空间数据库模型,本文开发了空间知识对象的江苏省"515"城乡一体化地籍系统的数据检查子系统,在镇江市、江都市等多个市县的"515"城乡一体化地籍调查的数据检查入库工作中得以应用,证明了模型设计的可行性,收到了良好的效果,为专题GIS空间数据管理,提供了一种的新的空间数据模型。     

改进的模拟退火遗传算法在地下水管理中的应用

对于高度非线性、非凸的地下水管理模型,传统优化方法难以找到全局最优解。本文采用模拟退火遗传算法求解地下水管理模型,并从三个方面对算法进行改进:引入小生境技术,采用自适应交叉和变异概率,在选择过程中采用最优保存策略,从而提高算法的全局寻优能力和收敛速度。采用惩罚函数法处理约束条件。用Fortran 90语言编制了计算程序,并通过Schaffer测试函数验证了该算法不仅具有强大的全局寻优能力和局部搜索能力,而且具有较快的收敛速度和较高的优化精度。将该算法应用到某研究区地下水管理中,取得了较好的效果。