Main features of dynamical escape from three-dimensional triple systems

The dynamical evolution of triple systems with equal and unequal-mass components and different initial velocities is studied. It is shown that, in general, the statistical results for the planar and three-dimensional triple systems do not differ significantly. Most (about 85%) of the systems disrupt; the escape of one component occurs after a triple approach of the components. In a system with unequal masses, the escaping body usually has the smallest mass. A small fraction (about 15%) of stable or long-lived systems is formed if the angular momentum is non-zero. Averages, distributions and coefficients of correlations of evolutionary characteristics are presented: the life-time, angular momentum, numbers of wide and close triple approaches of bodies, relative energy of escapers, minimum perimeter during the last triple approach resulting in escape, elements of orbits of the final binary and escaper.     

voboz: an almost-parameter-free halo-finding algorithm

We have developed an algorithm, called voboz (VOronoi BOund Zones), to find haloes in an N -body dark matter simulation; it has as little dependence on free parameters as we can manage. By using the Voronoi diagram, we achieve non-parametric, 'natural' measurements of each particle's density and set of neighbours. We then eliminate much of the ambiguity in merging sets of particles together by identifying every possible density peak, and measuring the probability that each does not arise from Poisson noise. The main halo in a cluster tends to have a high probability, while its subhaloes tend to have lower probabilities. The first parameter in voboz controls the subtlety of particle unbinding, and may be eliminated if one is cavalier with processor time; even if one is not, the results saturate to the parameter-free answer when the parameter is sufficiently small. The only parameter that remains, an outer density cut-off, does not influence whether or not haloes are identified, nor does it have any effect on subhaloes; it only affects the masses returned for supercluster haloes.     

贵州省未来气候变化(2018—2050年)预估分析

针对贵州省年平均降水量,年平均气温,年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温四个特征量,从空间分布上的定性比较,从年际、年代际的时间演变比较以及从泰勒图的定量比较来看,RegCM4模式的模拟效果优于CMIP5模式,因此本研究在RCP4.5排放情景下利用RegCM4模式数据预估未来2018—2050年贵州省年平均降水量,年平均气温,年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温。结果表明:21世纪Ⅰ阶段(2018—2028年)相对于基准期年平均降水在全省大部地区均是偏少的,偏少幅度在8.5%以内,其中贵州省北部地区偏少幅度最大;21世纪Ⅱ阶段(2029—2039年)相对于基准期贵州省中西部降水偏少东部降水偏多,变化幅度基本上在7%以内;21世纪Ⅲ阶段(2040—2050年)相对于基准期贵州省南部和东部降水偏少西北部降水偏多,变化幅度基本上在7.5%以内。贵州省21世纪Ⅰ阶段、Ⅱ阶段、Ⅲ阶段年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温相对于基准期均是偏暖的,偏暖幅度在0.6～1.3℃之间,越到后期,偏暖幅度越大,且空间差异不大。     

Parameterization and Explicit Modeling of Cloud Microphysics: Approaches,Challenges, and Future Directions

Cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs) but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs) and large-eddy simulation(LES) models. Instead of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years, this study concentrates purposely on several topics that ...     

Evaluation of Performance of Polar WRF Model in Simulating Precipitation over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Considering the complex topographic forcing and large cryosphere concentration, the present study utilized the polar-optimized WRF model(Polar WRF) to conduct downscaling simulations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(TP) and its surrounding regions. Multi-group experiments with the 10 km horizontal resolution are used to evaluate the modeling of precipitation. Firstly, on the basis of the model ground surface properties upgrade and the optimized Noah-MP, the “betterperforming” configuration suite f...     

EPR study of coordination of Ag and Pb cations in BaB<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals and barium borate glasses

It is shown the possibility to determine the coordination of paramagnetic ions in disordered solid structures, e.g., in barium borate glasses. For this purpose the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method was used to study α-and β-BaB₂O₄ crystals and glasses of 45·BaO × 55·B₂O₃ and 40·BaO × 60·B₂O₃ (mol%) composition activated by Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions. After the samples were exposed to X-rays at 77 K, different EPR centers were observed in them. In α-and β-BaB₂O₄ crystals and glasses the EPR centers Ag²⁺, Ag⁰, Pb⁺, Pb³⁺, and hole centers of O⁻ type were studied. The EPR parameters of these centers and their arrangement in crystal structure were determined. It is shown that Pb³⁺ ions in β-BaB₂O₄ crystals occupy Ba²⁺ position in an irregular polyhedron from the eight oxygen, whereas in α-BaB₂O₄ crystals they occupy Bа₂ position in a sixfold coordination. Pb⁺ ions in α-BaB₂O₄ crystals occupy Bа₁ position in a ninefold coordination from oxygen. In barium borate glasses, Pb³⁺ ions were studied in coordination polyhedron from six oxygen atoms and in a polyhedron from nine to ten oxygen atoms. It is assumed that the established difference in the structural position of Pb³⁺ ions in glasses is due to their previous incorporation in associative cation–anion complexes (AC) and “free” structure-forming cations (FC). Computer simulations have been performed to analyze the stability of specific associative complexes and to compare their bond lengths with experimental data.     

气候变化对淮河流域水资源及极端洪水事件的影响

利用法国国家气象研究中心气候模型（Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Climate Model, CNRM）典型代表性浓度路径（Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP）情景资料和可变下渗容量模型（Variable Infiltration Capacity Model,VIC）,分析了淮河流域未来气温、降水、水资源及可能洪水的变化趋势。结果表明,淮河流域未来气温将持续升高,RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下未来2021~2050年较基准期（1961~1990年）升幅分别约为1.13℃、1.10℃和1.35℃;流域降水可能呈现略微增加趋势,3种排放情景下2021~2050年降水较基准期将分别增加5.81%、8.26%和6.94%;VIC模型在淮河流域具有较好的适用性,能较好地模拟淮河流域的水文过程,在率定期和检验期,模型对王家坝站和蚌埠站模拟的水量相对误差都在5%以内,日径流过程的Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数（NSE）在0.70以上,月径流过程的NSE达到0.85以上。气候变化将导致淮河流域水文循环强度增加,流域水资源总体将可能呈增加趋势,王家坝站和蚌埠站断面洪水事件的发生可能性将增大。     

Latitude versus Depth Simulations of Ecodynamics and Dissolved Gas Chemistry Relationships in the Central Pacific

Nutrient ecology and trace gas processing are intimately coupled in the surface ocean and participate in key linkages through the Earth biogeochemical system. We have added water column photochemistry for volatile sulfur and organic compounds to large scale nutrient cycle modules, in order to create a one dimensional, open ocean ecochemistry simulator. Phyto- and zooplankton, recyclers and biological waste products are represented through N and Fe densities. Dimethyl sulfide, carbonyl sulfide and the methyl halides are tracked individually along with certain precursors and nonmethane hydrocarbons. The model is applied along the 180 degree meridian in the Northern Hemisphere. Ecodynamics are validated against satellite ocean color maps. Biological/photochemical production terms are then iterated upon to match measured distributions for the trace gases. Data are most complete for dimethyl sulfide. Major patterns in its climatology are captured within individual ecological provinces. However, at the basin scale reduced sulfur release must be varied over almost an order of magnitude because the mechanism developed contains only one plant taxon. Based on sparser data, first order rate constants are estimated for phytoplanktonic exudation of the methyl halides. Parameters are also established for photolytic injection of carbonyl sulfide and propylene from the dissolved organics. Ocean general circulation models and interactive ocean-atmosphere transport simulations are discussed as frameworks for future application.