Quantification of groundwater recharge in the city of Nottingham, UK

 Groundwater is an important and valuable resource for water supply to cities. In order to make full and wise use of the asset value, a clear understanding of the quantities and sources of urban groundwater recharge is needed. The water supply and disposal network is often an important source of recharge to urban groundwater through leakage from water mains and sewers. An approach to establishing the spatial and temporal amounts of the three urban recharge sources (precipitation, mains and sewers) is developed and illustrated using the Nottingham (UK) urban aquifer. A calibrated groundwater flow model is supplemented by calibrated solute balances for three conservative species (Cl, SO₄ and total N), thus providing four lines of evidence to use in the recharge estimation. Nottingham is located on a Triassic sandstone aquifer with average precipitation of 700 mm/year. Using the models, current urban recharge is estimated to be 211 mm/year, of which 138 mm/year (±40%) is from mains leakage and 10 mm/year (±100%) is from sewer leakage. The wide confidence intervals result from the scarcity of historical field data and the long turnover time in this high volume aquifer, and should be significantly lower for many other aquifer systems. Received: 1 December 1997 · Accepted: 14 September 1998     

古河道型砂岩铀矿的主要地质特征及有关找矿工作的方针探讨

文章通过对俄罗斯、蒙古一些已知古道型铀矿床的调研,归纳了该类铀矿床空间定位的构造控制、铀源的近源性、潜水氧化成因、含矿层的单层位性等与勘查工作有关的地质特征,并在分析上述特征的基础上提出我国今后对古河道型砂岩铀矿勘查工作方面的对策和方针。     

古水文地球化学形迹与地浸砂岩铀成矿的关系

本文以水成铀矿床、地质构造学、沉积学、古水文地质学、铀水文地球化学、同位素地质学等学科理论,从分析伊犁盆地南缘铀成矿大地构造背景人手,初步进行了盆地地质构造、地质演化、含矿岩系沉积特征、地下水中同位素（D、^18O、^3H、^234U／^238U、^230Th／^232Th等）和水文地球化学的研究,基本查明了伊犁盆地南缘区域地下水动力条件,研究了区域水文地球化学条件与铀成矿的关系,探讨古地下水演化与铀成矿作用的关系,为全盲型地浸砂岩铀成矿的水文地球化学及古水文地质预测研究提供理论基础。     

Thermal maturity assessment of the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Nampo Group, mid-west Korea: Reconstruction of thermal history

Abstract   Thermal maturity of the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Nampo Group, a sediment-fill of the Chungnam Basin located in the central western part of South Korea, was assessed by illite crystallinity measurement and sandstone microtexture analysis. The Nampo Group consists of a fluvio-lacustrine deposit bearing meta-anthracitic coals and was over-thrusted by the basement rocks. Sandstones are characterized by down sequence increasing illite crystallinity, from anchizone to epizone, which is strongly suggestive of burial heating. Deep-burial diagenesis and deformation are evidenced by well-developed pressure solution textures, whose intensity tends to increase down sequence, and by ductile deformation in the lowermost strata. On the basis of the result of illite crystallinity measurement, the maximum paleo-temperature and total burial depth of the Nampo Group are estimated to be ca 340°C and 10 km, respectively; these conditions are in good agreement with the observed ductile deformation features. The absence of strata younger than the Nampo Group in and around the Chungnam Basin suggests that deep burial of the Nampo Group was caused by tectonic crustal loading. The tectonic overload was because of basement over-thrusting that occurred during the Jurassic Daebo orogeny, which is closely related to the orthogonal subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath the East Asian continent. Subsequent hydrothermal alteration disturbed the thermal maturity pattern, resulting in anomalously high illite crystallinity and meta-anthracitization.     

基于岩石物理转换模型的苏里格致密砂岩储层测井评价与产能预测

苏里格地区致密砂岩储层勘探开发难度很大,测井解释遇到了储层参数计算和产能预测不准确的问题.本文针对这些难点,基于已有的转换模型,推导并验证了T₂-I和T₂-K_r转换模型,提出了采用转换模型应用于测井综合解释和产能预测的方法.基于实验数据设定孔径大于1 μm的孔隙为大孔,中孔孔径在1 μm和0.03 μm之间,小孔孔径为0.03 μm以下.并建立了不同孔径范围模型中关键参数α与核磁参数T_2lm的关系,这为转换模型在测井解释中的应用提供了必要条件.本文在苏里格西区分别应用T₂-I和T₂-K_r转换模型求取含水饱和度和相对渗透率曲线,并进行产能预测,处理结果显示该方法具有很好的应用效果.     

级配砂石地基条件下核安全级廊道结构地震响应分析

级配砂石处理核安全级廊道结构的软弱地基有良好的发展前景,发展级配砂石地基条件下的廊道地震响应分析模型是评价其抗震安全性的关键问题。以某核电厂废液输送机排放廊道为研究对象,通过引入等价线性法描述近场级配砂石地基的非线性特征,在分析模型底部施加黏性边界模拟半无限空间,在截断边界的两侧施加黏性边界考虑波动的逸散效果,通过无厚度Goodman单元模拟廊道结构与周围地基的摩擦效应,并利用基于有限元法的自由场响应分析实现地震动输入,从而建立了级配砂石地基条件核安全级廊道结构地震响应分析计算模型。最后,通过开展级配砂石与回填素混凝土两种地基处理条件的廊道地震响应对比分析,该模型表现出良好的规律性及工程应用效果。研究成果可为在建项目、后续核电项目此类问题的地基处理提供借鉴与参考。     

有效应力变化对致密砂岩孔隙结构及弹性波响应的影响规律

致密砂岩气藏具有裂缝发育和有效应力高的特征,研究不同有效压力下孔、裂隙介质地震波传播特征,有利于地震解释与地下储层的识别.但是前人的研究较少考虑岩石内部微观孔隙结构特征与孔隙、裂隙间流体流动的关系.本文首先通过选取四川盆地典型致密砂岩岩样,在不同有效压力下对岩石样本进行超声波实验测量.然后基于实验测得的纵、横波速度进行裂隙参数反演,得到不同有效压力下致密砂岩样本的裂隙孔隙度.再将裂隙孔隙度和样本岩石物理参数代入双重孔隙介质模型,模拟得到不同有效压力下饱水致密砂岩样本纵横波速度频散和衰减的变化规律.结果表明模型预测的速度频散曲线与纵波速度实验测量结果能够较好的吻合.最后统计分析了致密砂岩裂隙参数,得到了致密砂岩储层裂隙参数随有效压力及孔隙度变化特征.依据实际岩石物理参数建立模型,其裂隙参数三维拟合结果能够较好描述致密砂岩裂隙结构与孔隙度、应力的关联,可为实际地震勘探中预测储层裂缝性质提供基础依据.     

Quantitative study of a rapidly weathering overhang developed in an artificially wetted sandstone cliff

Those factors controlling the weathering and erosion of sandstone on the field scale are still not well understood. In this study, a specific sandstone overhang (and its surroundings) with artificially induced and extremely high erosion rates was subjected to a complex investigation. Contrast between the erosion rate of the wet and dry portions of the same cliff enabled isolation of the factors responsible for rapid sandstone retreat. Erosion rates, moisture, and salt content, as well as suction were monitored in the field. Mineral phases and water chemistry were analyzed. The measurement of tensile strength, laboratory frost weathering tests, and numerical modeling of stress were performed. The acquired data show that an increase of moisture content in pores in the area of the studied overhang decreased tensile strength of the sandstone to 14% of its dry value, and increases the sandstone weathering and erosion rate, by nearly four orders of magnitude, compared to the same sandstone under natural moisture conditions outside of the cliff area. Consequently, frost weathering, in combination with wetting weakening was found to play a major role in weathering/erosion of the sandstone cliff and overhang. Frost weathering rate in both the laboratory and field increases up to 15 times with decreasing gravity‐induced stress. The results also indicate that sandstone landforms in temperate climates may potentially develop very rapidly if the pore space is nearly saturated with water, and will later remain relatively stable when the moisture content decreases. As a general implication, it is suggested that overhangs in Central Europe (and elsewhere) might be the result of rapid frost weathering of nearly saturated sandstone during the Last Glacial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长气田山西组致密砂岩储层特征

根据薄片鉴定、物性测试、压汞实验、X线衍射和扫描电镜分析等,研究鄂尔多斯盆地延长气田山西组致密砂岩储层特征.结果表明:延长气田山西组致密砂岩具特低孔低渗特性,储层的储集空间类型主要为碎屑颗粒内的粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔,次为裂缝.孔喉属细孔—微喉型,排驱压力大,孔隙结构差,孔渗相关性差.压实作用和胶结作用是导致砂岩致密化的主要因素,成岩作用早期的煤系地层有机酸性环境和成岩作用晚期的交代作用加速砂岩致密化,可溶性物质缺乏使得砂岩物性改善受阻.裂隙体系建立是改善储层物性的主要因素和转折点,使得溶蚀作用复强,溶蚀作用是储层优质化的"催化剂",能够提升储层储集油气能力.     

基于数字岩芯的致密砂岩储层孔隙结构精细表征与评价

致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构十分复杂,定量化表征难度较大。针对此问题,选取陕西榆林市府谷县天生桥二叠系下石盒子组八段的辫状河露头的8个典型样品,利用图像滤波、阈值分割、最大球等效算法等对选取的数字岩芯代表性体积元进行处理。建立了岩样的三维孔隙结构模型以及球棍模型,计算了微观结构参数,定量表征了致密砂岩储层孔喉大小分布及其连通性特征,并结合评价地质方法开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。研究表明：① 基于孔隙直径将孔隙分为P1~P4四类,分别对应微、小、中和大孔。对差异较大的1号和8号两个典型样品进行详细分析,结果表明1号样品以小孔和中孔为主,8号以中孔为主。② 基于喉道半径分为R1~R4四类,大体对应弯片状、片状型喉道、缩紧型喉道和孔隙缩小型,1号样品以弯片状和片状为主,8号以孔隙缩小型为主。③ 开展了微观孔隙结构定量评价。基于分形维数、形状因子、欧拉数、连通率、视孔隙度和孔喉结构类型等参数,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 四级对8个样品进行了分级评价,取得了较好的评价效果。因此,数字岩芯技术从其强大的三维成像能力、数据处理能力等验证了能精确定量表征致密砂岩储层三维孔隙结构,可为致密砂岩油气资源评价与产能提供地质依据。