砂岩型铀矿航空伽马能谱数据微弱信息增强的地质意义

伽马能谱测量是一种寻找铀矿的直接方法,但是产于中新生代沉积盆地中的砂岩型铀矿,由于其矿化品位较低,埋藏深,伽马能谱测量结果具有强度低、变化平稳,无明显的放射性异常信息,常规的数据处理方法(如单元素分布趋势分析和单元素比值)难以识别。在此情况下,选择航空伽马能谱测量的U、Th、K元素参数进行组合,同时给出了多元素组合参数的数学模型、选择目的及其地质意义,增强和提取与砂岩型铀矿成矿有关的伽马能谱数据的微弱信息,利用数理统计分析中的聚类分析、逻辑回归分析进行综合评价,从铀源和铀的活化迁移富集系数方面给出了砂岩型铀矿的成矿概率。试验证明与常规方法相比,采用多元素组合参数对十红滩、阿右旗已知地区的航空伽马能谱测量数据进行微弱信息增强和提取,砂岩型铀矿找矿的微弱信息得到明显增强。因此,航空伽马能谱测量数据的多元素组合参数增强微弱信息,作为预测砂岩型铀矿成矿有利区的有效方法,对砂岩型铀矿找矿具有一定的地质意义和适用性。     

Tracing sources of carbon in urban groundwater using δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C<Subscript>TDIC</Subscript> ratios

Total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) and its stable isotope ratio δ¹³C_TDIC are used to trace the evolution of the carbon system of groundwater in three UK Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifers. Samples were collected from multilevel piezometers, open boreholes and sewer sampling points in the British Midlands (Nottingham, Birmingham and Doncaster) to evaluate both local and regional variations in δ¹³C_TDIC. δ¹³C samples of matrix and pore water have also been analysed in each aquifer to further constrain the interpretations. Combining δ¹³C_TDIC ratios with measurements of TDIC and pH clearly distinguishes the principal processes underlying the geochemical evolution of groundwater in Triassic sandstone aquifers, where processes can be both natural (e.g. carbonate dissolution) and anthropogenic (sewer-derived recharge). The paper shows that δ¹³C_TDIC resolves ambiguities that arise from the interpretation of TDIC and pH measurements in isolation. Field measurements demonstrate that, under natural conditions, the carbonate system evolves similarly in each aquifer. An open-system evolution during recharge largely saturates the groundwater with carbonate depending upon its availability in the sandstone matrix. The contribution of sewer exfiltration to urban recharge is readily distinguished by lower pH and higher TDIC values without significant changes in δ¹³C_TDIC.     

A new technique for non‐destructive field measurement of rock‐surface strength: an application of the Equotip hardness tester to weathering studies

Tafone‐like depressions have developed on the Aoshima sandstone blocks used for a masonry bridge pier in the coastal spray zone. A thin layer of partial granular disintegration was found on the surface in depressions. To evaluate quantitatively the strength of the thin weathered layer, the hardness was measured at the surface of the sandstone blocks using both an Equotip hardness tester and an L‐type Schmidt hammer. Comparison of the two testing results indicates that the Equotip hardness value is more sensitive in evaluating the strength of a thin layer of weathered surface rock than the Schmidt hardness value. By applying two methods, i.e. both the repeated impact method and the single impact method, the Equotip tester can evaluate the strengths of fresh internal and weathered surficial portions of rocks having a thin weathering layer. Comparison of the two strengths enables evaluation of strength reduction due to weathering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

延长油田郑庄区长6油层组小层对比划分在注水开发中的应用

延长油田长6油藏为典型特低渗岩性油藏,油藏主要受陆相三角洲沉积体系控制,储层物性差、产量低、天然能量匮乏,现阶段科学合理的注水开发是延长油田持续发展的关键举措,但由于储层层内和层间非均质性强,若整个油层组笼统注采开发,则采出程度低,经济效益差。笔者综合了岩心、测井曲线、相关实验分析数据及地质录井等基础地质资料,结合区域地质特征,通过细分开发层系、开展精细地层对比、小层沉积微相及砂体展布规律研究,为优化注水开发方案和选用先进注采配套工艺技术措施提供了比笼统注采更为详尽的地质依据。     

川东北五宝场地区须五段致密砂岩叠前储层预测

川东北五宝场地区须家河组须五段具有特低孔特低渗致密砂岩储层特征,常规叠后纵波阻抗难以区分泥岩背景下的储层,储层预测和含气性检测难度大。本文基于Gassmann方程进行流体替换并对工区缺失横波资料的井进行横波预测,并分别正演饱含不同流体性质的道集。研究发现储层饱含水为一类AVO响应特征,储层饱含气为二类AVO特征,AVO规律明显,进而采用实钻井的样本点建立岩石物理模板,选取纵横波速度比联合纵波阻抗圈定致密砂岩储层,利用更低的纵横波速度比能有效指示含气性。结果表明：砂体及储层展布规律能够得到很好的表征,叠前含气性预测对井吻合率达到90.9%。叠前预测在川东北五宝场地区须家河组须五段致密砂岩含气性识别中是有效的,有助于提高钻探成功率与开发效益。     

循环扰动和高温作用下砂岩的岩爆倾向性及破坏特征研究

为了揭示循环扰动和高温影响下砂岩的岩爆机制,开展了循环扰动和高温作用下砂岩单轴压缩试验和CT扫描试验,研究了不同条件下砂岩的力学特性、岩爆倾向性及破坏特征,探讨了岩爆倾向性与破坏特征的关系。研究结果表明：循环扰动和高温对砂岩的力学性能及岩爆倾向性影响效果显著;无循环扰动砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量及岩爆倾向性随温度的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,200℃为该类砂岩的阈值温度,受循环扰动砂岩的力学特性及岩爆倾向性随温度的上升而降低;而砂岩的力学特性及岩爆倾向性随循环应力幅值增加而下降;随着循环应力幅值和温度的增加,砂岩破坏模式由劈裂破坏向剪切破坏转变,同时砂岩的岩爆倾向性与裂隙三维分形维数呈良好的负相关关系;此外,高温对砂岩的力学性能、岩爆倾向性及破坏程度影响效果强于循环扰动。研究结果可为高温工程岩爆防治提供理论依据和工程参考价值。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗地区敖包亭浑迪组砂岩地球化学特征及物源分析

苏尼特左旗达来苏木地区位于中亚造山带东南部,索伦缝合带之北,发育特征性的下泥盆统敖包亭浑迪组变火山-沉积岩系。这套地层主要由安山岩、凝灰质砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩以及火山碎屑岩等组成,磨圆度较差,具有近源沉积特征。地球化学分析结果显示,砂岩的SiO_2和K_2O含量中等,Na_2O含量较高,Fe_2O_3和MgO含量较低;微量元素蛛网图呈右倾型,含量和变化趋势与上地壳相似;稀土元素配分特征显示轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,(La/Yb)N平均为6.44,负Eu异常明显(Eu/Eu*平均为0.72)。综上并结合区域分析显示砂岩形成于活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧,源岩主要为英安岩和部分安山岩,进而推测在早泥盆世古亚洲洋仍处于向北俯冲的构造环境,敖包亭浑迪组的物源应主要为北部的乌里雅苏台地区上地壳长英质岩系。     

Optimization of the Rock Physical Model in Tight Sandstone Reservoir

Krief model, Nur model and Pride-Lee model are usually used to calculate dry rock modulus of sandstone reservoirs, but they are not effective for tight sandstone reservoirs. Based on Krief model and Nur model, and minimizing the difference between predicted P-wave or S-wave velocities and measured velocities, we acquireed lithologic index m in Krief model and critical porosity ?_c in Nur model by Gassmann relationship. The empirical parameters used in the models are expressed as the values changing with depth, so the accuracy of Krief and Nur models to estimate the P-wave and S-wave velocities was improved, and these two models are called as the variable parameter Krief model and the variable parameter Nur model. In addition, comparing with prediction accuracy of P-wave and S-wave velocities under different constraints, we can see that the shear modulus formulas in the three models are more accurate and more suitable in the tight sandstone reservoir. Han’s relationship about K_dry and u_dry is not affected by porosity, lithology and other factors, and the paper established dry rock model by Han’s relationship and any one of the above three models. The new dry rock model was applied in the Gassmann relationship to predict S-wave velocity of H8 tight sandstone reservoir in Sulige Gas Filed, Ordos Basin, which improved the accuracy of predicting S-wave velocity. At the same time, lithology index m in Krief model, critical porosity ?_c in Nur model and consolidation parameters c in Pride-Lee model which are corresponding to each sample can be obtained. The values of these parameters can reflect lithology difference, pore structure, compaction degree and other characteristics, which indicate the geological characteristics of the reservoir.     

埕海油田张东地区沙河街组沉积特征分析

本文通过粒度、岩性、沉积构造、测井曲线以及沉积微相平面图等资料的综合分析,结合区域地质背景,对埕海油田张东地区沙河街组沙三段、沙二段、沙一段进行了详细的划分、描述。研究区沙三段沉积呈典型的正粒序结构,上细下粗,为三角洲前缘亚相,主要砂体类型包括河口坝、水下分流河道及前缘席状砂。储层特征表现为中孔-中渗、中孔-低渗、低孔-特低渗,孔隙以粒间、颗粒和粒内溶孔为主,于晚成岩A阶段形成;沙二段形成于三角洲沉积环境(滨浅湖),属于低位体系域,砂体发育,规模大,为张东地区最为有利的储集层,是今后勘探的重点靶区;沙一段主要为白云岩、泥灰岩、和油页岩的互层沉积,局部地区发育薄层粉砂岩,可以作为很好的盖层和烃源岩,沉积环境为比较闭塞的静水澙湖环境。     

白云凹陷北坡珠江组陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体储层特征及控制因素

采用铸体薄片、岩石薄片、扫描电镜和压汞实验、物性分析等测试资料,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡珠江组陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体储层特征及控制因素进行研究。结果表明,该储层主要为灰色中细粒岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度、结构成熟度均较低。储集空间以次生孔隙为主,其次为剩余原生粒间孔、原生孔隙等。储层具有排驱压力较高、配位数较高、孔喉半径小和孔喉分选性较差的孔隙结构特点,为中-低孔、中-低渗型储层。储层发育受沉积相和成岩作用的复合控制,水下分流河道砂体储集物性明显优于其它微相砂体。成岩作用过程主导储层物性变化,砂岩储集体中的原生储集空间因机械压实作用、胶结作用而大幅降低,后期溶蚀作用产生较多的次生储集空间,尤其是长石的溶蚀极大改善了本区储层物性,导致储集体中溶蚀性次生孔隙为主要的储存空间。