江西会昌岽背玄武岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其地质意义

江西会昌岽背地区晚中生代玄武岩的SiO2含量为49.06%～50.14%,K2O含量为1.26%～1.63%.其微量元素显示出大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素亏损,尤以明显的Nb、Ta亏损为特征;REE总量为(135.5～146.8)×10-6,(La/Yb)N≈10,表现出LREE富集的稀土元素配分模式,且无明显的Eu异常;Sr-Nd同位素具有高(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.70678～0.70695)和低εNd(t)(-2.46～-2.18)的特征.据以上特征并结合区域地质背景,反映出岽背玄武岩的源区可能为EMⅡ型富集型大陆岩石圈地幔,其形成的构造环境为活动大陆边缘.较低的Nb/U比值(7～8)暗示该玄武质岩浆在形成过程中遭受了一定程度的大陆地壳混染或与俯冲过程有关的物质的加入.岽背玄武岩具有陆缘弧型地球化学特征,指示会昌地区在晚白垩世晚期(约85 Ma)处于活动大陆边缘的构造环境,该玄武岩的形成可能与燕山晚期古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲消减作用关系密切.底侵作用可能为会昌地区燕山晚期成矿岩浆的生成提供了流体和热,有利于铜多金属矿的形成.     

准噶尔盆地天然气成藏体系和成藏过程分析

准噶尔盆地目前已发现的天然气以中—小型的中浅层晚期次生气藏为主。研究表明,以区域盖层上三叠统白碱滩组泥岩为界可划分为下部近源原生天然气成藏体系和上部远源次生天然气成藏体系,前者一般具有异常高压的特征,后者则具有正常的压力系统。通过对盆地东部地区、腹部地区、西北缘地区、莫索湾凸起天然气成藏过程的解剖获得了比较一致的认识,即上部次生天然气是在下部原生天然气的改造和调整的基础上形成的,下部天然气成藏体系的原生大—中型天然气藏是未来准噶尔盆地天然气的勘探方向。值得注意的是南缘冲断带的上部成藏体系既有源自侏罗系煤系烃源岩的原生天然气聚集,又伴随有次生天然气藏的形成。     

松辽盆地朝阳沟阶地扶余-杨大城子油层油源分析与油气运移模式

基于生物标志化合物参数,系统对比分析了朝阳沟阶地扶余-杨大城子油层原油与三肇凹陷及朝阳沟阶地青山口组-段源岩的关系,表明朝阳沟阶地扶余油层有两个主要油源,即三肇凹陷青-段源岩与朝阳沟本地区青-段源岩,且两者对扶余油层的贡献量可能基本相同.朝阳沟地区杨大城子油层原油与三肇凹陷青-段源岩有密切的亲缘关系,与朝阳沟青-段源岩亲缘关系不明显.这与朝阳沟阶地源岩超压值相对较小、导致油气下排距离浅、进入杨大城子油层的油气量较小相符.在油源对比的基础上,结合断裂和砂体分布等各种地质条件,将朝阳沟阶地油气运移模式分为远源长距离侧向运移和近源短距离侧向运移两种类型.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩气藏天然气成因类型和气源对比

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷发育营城组火山岩气藏.钻井统计、地球化学特征及天然气组份分析和碳同位素研究表明徐中和徐东地区天然气源岩有机质偏腐泥型,生气潜力更大.对主力源岩层沙河子组和次要源岩层营城组源岩分布有了新的认识.对营城组天然气的烃类气体和CO₂气的来源进行对比和探讨,认为烃类气受气源的控制,CO₂气藏受深大断裂的控制,与火山岩分布关系不大.连通地幔的气藏中,也没有发现无机烃类气体聚集.徐家围子断陷营城组天然气以烃类气占绝对优势,而且主要为甲烷,二氧化碳成藏并不普遍.天然气甲烷成因类型以煤型气为主,甲烷碳同位素变化范围较小.乙烷、丙烷和丁烷碳同位素均有较大的变化范围,而且具有较好的相关性,说明母质类型多样,乙烷、丙烷和丁烷具有相同的来源.含量大于50%的二氧化碳来源于地幔,属无机成因.含量小于50%的二氧化碳既有无机成因,也有有机成因.     

Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind-driven raindrop impact

The effects of wind-driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two-dimensional experimental set-up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind-free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s⁻¹ and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90-mm h⁻¹ to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m⁻² s⁻¹). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different-sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KE_x and KE_y, respectively, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) along with their vector sum (KE_r, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) explained the variation in D. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KE_r, KE_x and KE_y with the sand size and three-way interaction of KE_x, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size-dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind-driven oblique raindrops (KE_x/KE_y). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (D_u = D/KE_r = g J⁻¹) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity on D_u that further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non-cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size-dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.     

Effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

The hydrogeomorphology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) has been significantly altered by natural and anthropogenic drivers. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes of the flow regime were examined by analysing the long-term daily, monthly, annual and extreme discharges and water levels from 1980 to 2018, supported by further investigation of the long-term annual sediment load (from the 1960s to 2015), river bathymetric data (in 1998, 2014 and 2017) and daily salinity concentration (from the 1990s to 2015) using various statistical methods and a coupled numerical model. Then, the effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology were investigated. The results show that the dry season discharge (i.e., in March–June) of the Tien River increased by up to 23% from the predam period (1980–1992) to the postdam period (1993–2018) but that the dry season water level at My Thuan decreased by up to −46%. The annual mean and monthly water levels in June at Tan Chau and in January and June–October at My Thuan in the Tien River decreased statistically, even though the respective discharges increased significantly. These decreased water levels instead of the increased discharges were attributed to the accelerated riverbed incision upstream from My Thuan, which increased by more than three times, from a mean rate of −0.16 m/year (−16.7 Mm³/year) in 1998–2014 to −0.5 m/year (−52.5 Mm³/year) in 2014–2017. This accelerated riverbed incision was likely caused by the reduction in the sediment load of the VMD (from 166.7 Mt/year in the predam period to 57.6 Mt/year in the postdam period) and increase in sand mining (from 3.9 Mm³ in 2012 to 13.43 Mm³ in 2018). Collectively, the decreased dry season water level in the Tien River is likely one of the main causes of the enhanced salinity intrusion.     

2013年芦山Ms7.0地震前重力场源变化分析

陆地重力观测获取的时变重力信号是研究地壳内部孕震区介质变化的重要依据。利用贝叶斯平差方法处理了川西地区2010—2012年的流动重力观测资料,发现相对重力仪的格值系数在两年内变化可达2×10^-4,而且仪器存在较小的非线性漂移率;重力场累积动态变化图像显示,2013年芦山MS7.0地震发生在重力梯度带零值线与龙门山断裂带交会部位附近。进一步采用等效源方法划定了测网内以雅安、康定和石棉为中心的场源分辨能力较高的区域,并反演了地震前的地壳视密度变化。场源视密度动态变化结果表明:2013年芦山MS7.0地震前2年,在龙门山断裂带的南侧和鲜水河断裂南段的东侧区域形成了范围较大的等效视密度增加区,而在小金至康定一带和都江堰周边地区也存在小规模的视密度增加。本文基于陆地时变重力测量结果反演得到芦山地震前的地壳内部等效视密度变化,可为研究壳内深部孕震环境变化特征提供参考。     

Using a fluvial archive to place extreme flood sediment (dis)connectivity dynamics in context of a longer-term record

The aim of this study was to establish the source and provenance of sediments deposited in a large floodplain sink during extreme floods in the Lockyer Creek catchment, Australia, in 2011 and 2013. We place the sediment source patterns in context of the longer-term record to determine whether coarse-grained sediment sources (i.e., very fine sand to very coarse sand) and the spatio-temporal pattern of (dis)connectivity have changed over time. We do this by matching the geochemical properties and age structure of a sediment profile located in a downstream floodplain sink to the elemental composition of source sediments. One hundred and fifty-seven sediment samples from 20 sites across the catchment are analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to compare the elemental ratio composition of the downstream floodplain sink to its source materials. We use Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating to determine the age structure of the sediments in the floodplain sink. The northern tributaries and parts of the Lockyer River trunk stream are the primary sources of coarse sediment. These areas are connected (coupled) to the lower trunk stream and floodplain sediment sink. Southern tributaries are largely disconnected (decoupled) and supply little sediment to the floodplain sediment sink. This pattern of sediment source contribution has remained similar over the last 6.8 ka at least. Sediment sources as observed in the 2011 flood have predominated over the mid-late Holocene whilst those in the 2013 flood are rare.     

鄂东丰山矿田卡林型金矿地质地球化学特征

鄂东丰山矿田主要由丰山 (封山洞 )铜矿床、鸡笼山金铜矿床和李家湾铜矿床组成。经野外调查和室内研究 ,确认矿田内存在卡林型金矿 ,金平均品位约 5× 1 0 -6,远景储量在大型以上。该卡林型金矿的主要特征是 :(1 )分布于丰山斑岩体周围的中酸性岩脉发育区 ;(2 )容矿岩石为下三叠统大冶组薄层状 -纹层状和角砾状碳酸盐岩 ;(3)矿体主要受高角度断层控制 ,通常产于岩脉的一侧或附近 ;(4 )矿石普遍具白色细网脉状方解石化和碳泥化 ,裂面上常见黑色碳质被膜 ;(5 )金主要为次显微金 ;(6 )成矿物质主要来自矿源层 ,部分来自岩浆 ,成矿热液水主要来自大气降水     

粤西金矿床成矿地球化学研究

粤西金矿床分为构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型和变质岩型.赋金地层主要为云开群上亚群和寒武系八村群,它们具有较高的含金丰度,可作为本区金的矿源层.在区域变质或混合岩化作用下,矿源层中的金可能发生活化、转移并在局部富集.海西-印支期花岗岩有继承变质岩、混合岩的特征,分异演化程度不高,这对金成矿有利.