The updated kriging variance and optimal sample design

A number of criteria based on kriging variance calculations may be used for infill sampling design in geologic site characterization. Searching for the best new sample locations from a set of candidate locations can result in excessive computation time if these criteria and the naive rekriging are used. The relative updated kriging estimate and variance for universal kriging estimation are demonstrated as a simple kriging estimate and variance, respectively. The updated kriging variance is demonstrated as the multiplication of two kriging variances. Using these updated kriging variance equations can increase the computational speed for selecting the best new sample locations. The application results for oil rock thickness in an oilfield indicate that minimizing the average relative updated kriging variance is a useful alternative to the other criteria based on kriging variance in optimal infill sampling design for geologic site characterization.     

Storage diagenesis versus sulphide authigenesis: possible implications in environmental magnetism

Experiments involving the gradual drying out of controlled mixtures of soil and organic lake sediment during storage at room temperature show that this leads to a loss of magnetic susceptibility and isothermal remanence greatly in excess of the initial values for the sediment components of the mixtures. We conclude that during storage in the moist state, soil-derived, fine-grained, ferrimagnetic iron oxides (magnetite and/or maghemite) are transformed to paramagnetic and/or imperfect antiferrimagnetic minerals. The imperfect anti-ferromagnetic component of the initial mixtures, which probably includes goethite, appears to survive and may even increase during storage. The experimental results compare well with the previously documented effects of storing wet sediment from the site, Peckforton Mere, Cheshire, U.K., over a comparable time interval. We conclude that transformation of fine grained ferrimagnets during storage diagenesis may be responsible for many of the examples of loss of magnetic susceptibility and remanence attributed by other authors solely to the oxidation of an iron sulphide such as greigite. Only where greigite is positively identified is it valid to infer a contribution from it to the magnetic properties of lake sediments: loss of susceptibility or remanence during storage is not alone a sufficient basis for such an inference. Early drying of samples will normally avoid the effects of storage diagenesis; and recent sediment samples so treated will, where greigite formation, bacterial magnetite and magnetite dissolution are insignificant, provide a valid basis for source identification on the basis of magnetic properties.     

震电效应原理和初步实验结果

从电化学理论、薄膜效应以及浓差极化,解释了震电效应的基本原理.通过室内沙槽和岩芯标本实验,发现了震电信号,且在砂土上的震电信号比粘土上的大;含石油岩芯标本上的震电效应信号比含水岩芯标本上的强.通过室外实验,也已经测量到可信的震电效应信号,从而为石油测井继续研究提供了实验数据.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping based on Support Vector Machine: A case study on natural slopes of Hong Kong, China

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an increasingly popular learning procedure based on statistical learning theory, and involves a training phase in which the model is trained by a training dataset of associated input and target output values. The trained model is then used to evaluate a separate set of testing data. There are two main ideas underlying the SVM for discriminant-type problems. The first is an optimum linear separating hyperplane that separates the data patterns. The second is the use of kernel functions to convert the original non-linear data patterns into the format that is linearly separable in a high-dimensional feature space. In this paper, an overview of the SVM, both one-class and two-class SVM methods, is first presented followed by its use in landslide susceptibility mapping. A study area was selected from the natural terrain of Hong Kong, and slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, profile curvature of slope, lithology, vegetation cover and topographic wetness index (TWI) were used as environmental parameters which influence the occurrence of landslides. One-class and two-class SVM models were trained and then used to map landslide susceptibility respectively. The resulting susceptibility maps obtained by the methods were compared to that obtained by the logistic regression (LR) method. It is concluded that two-class SVM possesses better prediction efficiency than logistic regression and one-class SVM. However, one-class SVM, which only requires failed cases, has an advantage over the other two methods as only “failed” case information is usually available in landslide susceptibility mapping.     

使用小型真空包装机密封快速测量地质样品小体重

文章介绍了一种使用小型真空包装机密封试样,进而使静水力学挂钩电子天平快速测量地质样品小体重的方法。实验表明:使用同批次真空袋包装测量物理特性不同的地质样品(致密坚硬的石英岩、铝土矿、磁铁矿、铅锌矿、铝块以及具有吸水性的大孔隙率矿石)的小体重,其结果准确可靠,与传统蜡封法的测量结果一致;同批次真空包装袋密度测量值的相对标准偏差(RSD)仅为0.08%~0.10%,因此在实际测试中只需对同批次真空袋质量和密度进行一次测量,同时称量样品质量及其真空包装密封后在水中的质量,便可计算出地质样品的小体重。真空包装密封法相比于传统蜡封法,成本低且操作简便,尤其是测量吸水性地质样品的小体重时,采取真空密封处理能更好地保持矿石的原始状态,可以省去样品含水率测量及相关的校正过程;而且使用静水力学挂钩电子天平称量样品在水中的质量相比于使用普通电子天平称量样品排开水的质量,测量结果也更加精确,该方法值得在岩矿分析实验室应用及推广。     

地下水中12项半挥发性有机污染物测定的质量控制

以正己烷液-液萃取、气相色谱(电子捕获检测器)和高效液相色谱(紫外、荧光检测器)检测地下水调查样品中12项半挥发性有机污染物组分的分析为例,从水样的储存、气相色谱进样口活性评定、试剂空白检查、萃取过程中乳化现象的消除等方面总结出一些经验。参照美国EPA方法中QA/QC的经验,建立了全国地下水调查样品中半挥发性有机污染物分析过程的质量控制流程程序,通过引用质量控制图直观评价批量样品分析的满意度,实现了分析流程的受控状态。     

Infill-sampling design and the Cost of classification errors

The criterion used to select infill sample locations should depend on the sampling objective. Minimizing the global estimation variance is the most widely used criterion and is suitable for many problems. However, when the objective of the sampling program is to partition an area of interest into zones of high values and zones of low values, minimizing the expected cost of classification errors is a more appropriate criterion. Unlike the global estimation variance, the cost of classification errors incorporates both the sample locations and the sample values into an objective infill-sampling design criterion.     

用Pb-Pb同位素方法直接测定石炭系碳酸盐岩珊瑚化石年龄

在地球化学领域中,直接解决沉积层序和早期成岩时代的定年问题长期以来被证明是具有挑战性的问题之一。用Pb-Pb同位素方法直接测定沉积碳酸盐岩的年龄是最近几年才发展起来的。本文报道了一个成功的研究新疆珊瑚年龄的例子,得到了石炭系珊瑚化石的年龄为344±7Ma,它与古生物学确定的年龄十分吻合。得到另一组年龄为334±25Ma,它的地质意义在进一步讨论中。这一结果表明,我们可以从单一珊瑚样品中得到一个精确的地层年龄,碳酸盐测年技术在建立沉积层序的绝对年代学中具有相当大的潜力。     

LA-MC-ICP-MS方解石U-Pb定年技术

方解石在成岩过程、生物作用、热液过程等多种地质环境中广泛形成,激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）方解石U-Pb定年技术在解决关键地质问题中具有广阔的应用前景。方解石中U含量相对低（< 5.0×10^-6）,普通Pb占比高（²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb < 1）,这对仪器灵敏度提出了高要求。相比于Q-ICP-MS和SF-ICP-MS,MC-ICP-MS具有同位素同时测定优势,分析精度更高。前人优化了仪器参数,对提高灵敏度进行了一些尝试,为了最大化的提高灵敏度,本研究基于Neptune Plus型号MC-ICP-MS,系统优化锥组合和辅助氮气,使得U和Pb元素灵敏度最优。研究表明采用Jet+X锥结合氮气增敏（N₂=4.0mL·min^-1）条件下仪器灵敏度最高,相比于常规条件（S+H锥未结合氮气增敏）,U和Pb的信号强度分别提高4倍和3倍。同时我们发现氮气增敏情况与锥组合有很大的关系,当采用X型号截取锥时,氮气的引入可以使得U的信号强度提高,而采用H型号截取锥时,氮气的引入并没有改变信号强度。基于优化后的仪器参数,本文建立了高空间分辨率（~85μm）LA-MC-ICP-MS方解石U-Pb定年方法。采用三个方解石U-Pb定年标准物质对方法进行了验证,所得结果与ID-TIMS定值结果在误差范围内一致,证明我们的方法对低U（~0.03×10^-6）样品的分析是有效的。初步测定了两个实验室内部标准物质：TLM和LSJ07。一次测量TLM的结果为219.8±2.3Ma（2s,n=30）,两次测量LSJ07的结果为26.4±0.2Ma（2s,n=30）和26.7±0.2Ma（2s,n=30）。这两个标准物质的普通铅占比相对较低,是潜在的方解石U-Pb定年标准物质。我们发现激光束斑大小的改变明显影响到结果的准确度,这可能与不同束斑下的分馏效应差异性有关,特别是当束斑小于60μm时。因此我们建议在进行方解石U-Pb定年时,标样和未知样品要严格匹配激光参数,最后初步讨论了方解石U-Pb体系的封闭情况。