甘肃北山岩体结构均质区划分方法的探讨

岩体结构均质区是针对实际工程特点而划定的成果,在实践过程中需要根据具体工程,抓住主要矛盾,选择最具影响性的要素作为划分依据。针对高放废物地质处置预选区两个重点问题--核素迁移和围岩稳定,合理确定了花岗岩体内结构均质区划分的依据以及与之相对应的划分方法。通过实际工程应用,认为得到的结果较为可靠,过程较易于实现,有一定的推广价值。     

离子色谱法测定环境水中阴离子

建立了测定环境水中阴离子的方法.以1.8 mmol/L Na₂CO₃和1.7 mmol/L NaHCO₃为淋洗液,36 mmol/L的H₂SO₄为微膜抑制器的再生液,用Pac AS-14A阴离子分离柱,一次进样10 μL,8 min内检测出7种阴离子.详细讨论了色谱的工作条件及其影响因素.该方法简便、快速、准确度高,能够满足环境水样中阴离子的分析要求.     

微钻实验台的研制与应用

微钻实验台是检测技术、计算机技术、机械技术与钻探技术相结合的高科技成果。它可在室内从事各种微钻实验,包括岩样可钻性分析、金刚石钻具时效、寿命等实验。根据实验结果优化金刚石钻具,对岩样进行可钻性分级,提高钻探效率,动态监测钻进过程,绘制相应的动态关系曲线,具有重大的实际和理论意义。      

地球化学样品中的硒与砷、锑、铋、汞的原子荧光光谱法同母液测定

在原子荧光光谱法中,通过改进地球化学样品的分解条件、预处理及测定条件,使硒与砷、锑以及铋、汞能在同一母液中测定,而且实现了硒与汞或铋的双道同时测定.方法的检测出限、准确度及精密度均能达到行业要求.     

流体注入法定量表征页岩孔隙结构测试方法研究进展

页岩致密且结构复杂,对其孔隙结构进行定量表征一直是页岩储层研究的重点和难点,因其能够为页岩油气储层评价和甜点确定提供重要信息。通过系统梳理已有研究成果,介绍了以压汞法和气体吸附法为代表的流体注入法,简述了能够影响测试结果的因素,指出了目前页岩全孔径孔隙结构表征的问题及发展方向。分析表明,颗粒样气体吸附法和块（柱）压汞法表征结果的数据匹配性差,整合难度大;同时由上述两种方法联合所获得的表征结果也无法被其他独立测试所验证。进一步指出采用颗粒样代替传统块（柱）样进行页岩压汞测试可以提高数据质量,也是未来方法联用的发展方向,其中样品颗粒堆积孔进汞量校正、颗粒样粒径选择、多方法数据匹配是实现页岩全孔径孔隙结构定量表征的关键。      

High Pressure Asher Digestion and an Isotope Dilution-ICP-MS Method for the Determination of Platinum-Group Element Concentrations in Chromitite Reference Materials CHR-Bkg, GAN Pt-1 and HHH

New concentration data for Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir and Pt are presented for three chromitite reference materials. A simple and very effective procedure was applied for the measurements. Samples were spiked with enriched isotopes and digested in a HNO₃/HCl (5+2) acid mixture at 300 °C and 125 bar (1.25 × 10⁷ Pa) pressure in a high pressure asher (HPA-S, Anton Paar). The programme settings were changed as a function of mass (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g) and time (5 and 15 hours). Complete chromitite dissolutions for three digestions at each setting were monitored using XRD analyses of the amorphous residue after digestion. The osmium concentration was determined by sparging the OsO₄ that was formed during digestion into a quadrupole ICP-MS. After drying and re-dissolution of the remaining residue, the other PGEs were separated on-line from their matrix in a simple cation-exchange column that was coupled to the ICP-MS. The concentrations were determined through isotope dilution and external calibration (Rh). By using the on-line separation, we were able to control interference effects (isobaric and molecular), which resulted in highly reproducible data. Replicate measurements of the reference material CHR-Bkg (SARM CRPG-CNRS) with sample masses ranging from 0.5 to 4 g showed very small standard deviations compared to the results from the initial collaborative trials and published data (e.g., 3.2% RSD vs. 32% RSD for Ru). Results for platinum showed the largest scatter, which is currently attributed to the small size of the test portion. In addition to CHR-Bkg, the first results for two chromitite reference materials "platinumore" GAN Pt-1 and "chromiumore" HHH issued by the Central Geological Laboratory of Mongolia are presented.     

Comparative Determination of Mass Fractions of Elements with Variable Chalcophile Affinities in Geological Reference Materials with and without HF‐desilicification

Desilicification elevates extraction of Re and platinum‐group elements (PGEs) from many geological reference materials (RMs), but the extent to which it affects less chalcophile elements has been investigated rarely. To further evaluate the effect of desilicification, mass fractions of elements with variable chalcophile affinities (In, Cd, Cu, Ag, S, Se, Te, Re and PGEs) in different RMs were obtained by isotope dilution and digestion procedures involving HF‐HNO₃ in bombs versus HNO₃‐HCl in Carius tubes. The results show that the extraction efficiencies of HF‐desilicification vary in different RMs and for different elements. HF‐desilicification led to a significant increase (30–70%) for In and Cd mass fractions in all analysed RMs, but it played a negligible role in other strongly chalcophile elements in many samples (e.g., UB‐N and WGB‐1). Noticeably, desilicification led to a 10–30% increase in the mass fractions of Cu, Ag, S, Se and Te in BHVO‐2 and BIR‐1a, but less so in BCR‐2. These results could be attributed mainly to the variable chalcophile affinities of elements and their relative budget in sulfides, alloys and silicates. Desilicification should thus be preferred to determine chalcophile elements for most samples, except in cases where they are negligibly hosted in silicates.     

Analysis of dam-induced cyclic patterns on river flow dynamics

This paper investigates the impact of the Hungry Horse Dam on streamflow dynamics in the South Fork of the Flathead River, Montana, USA. To this end, pre- and post-dam periods of raw and naturalized streamflow data were analysed. Pettitt’s change point analysis indicated a significant change point in streamflow dynamics due to dam construction. Complexities in the pre- and post-dam periods were evaluated by sample and multi-scale entropy analyses, and the entropies of the post-dam period were found to be higher than those of the pre-dam period. Possible reasons for this, unrelated to the natural hydrological cycle caused by the dam, were analysed using wavelet analyses. The wavelet analyses showed a clear change in the phase relationship between precipitation and streamflow. Finally, weak positive trends found in the hydrological variables indicated the effects of human activities (e.g. dam construction). The results also revealed distorted lead times, which can improve the streamflow forecasts for different lead times.     

刺参体腔细胞的电镜制样技术研究

设计2种不同的固定方法,比较2种固定方法在刺参体腔细胞的扫描电镜制样和透射电镜制样中固定效果的优劣.选择能使体腔细胞充分分散的固定方法用于扫描电镜制样;而将能使体腔细胞凝聚成团的固定方法用于透射电镜制样.获得了令人满意的体腔细胞扫描和透射电镜照片.以多聚赖氨酸法、明胶法和聚乙烯醇缩甲醛法收集、黏附固定后的体腔细胞,实验结果显示：3种方法均可起到黏附体腔细胞的作用,通过探讨玻片黏附体腔细胞的有效方法,建立适用于海产无脊椎动物体腔细胞、血细胞、生殖细胞和原生动物、细菌等样品的扫描电镜制样方法.