江苏王港盐沼的现代沉积速率

Coastal salt-marshes represent an important coastal wetland system. The total area of coastal wetlands exceeds 5000 km2 in Jiangsu Province, China, but it is decreasing rapidly in response to the intense reclamation activities and coastal erosion along a part of the coastline. Hence, two types of plants, Spartina angelica and Spartina alterniflora, were introduced successively into the Jiangsu coastal areas, in order to protect the coastline from erosion and to increase the accumulation rate. Pb-210 and Cs-137 analyses were carried out for sediment samples from the salt-marshes of Wanggang to determine the sedimentation rate, on the basis of an evaluation of the background activity values and the factors affecting the enrichment of Pb-210. Analysis of a typical sediment column of the tidal flat shows that there is weak absorption of Pb-210 in the silt-dominated sediment. Because of the influences of factors such as storm events, bioturbation, material sources and analytical error, some abnormal data points appear in the Pb-210 record. After ignoring these data the calculated sedimentation rate was 3.3 cm yr-1 on average. Based upon analysis of the Cs-137 dating, the rate since 1963 was 3.1 cm yr-1 on average, similar to the data by Pb-210 dating and the previous studies. The dating results show that there were three stages of sedimentation, with the most rapid accretion being taking place after Spartina angelica was introduced into the area. The study also shows that at the stage of Spartina alterniflora growth, the accretion rate was higher than on the flat surface with the same elevation without the cover of this plant.     

基于3S技术的福建省湿地景观格局特征分析

利用福建省1986、1993、2000年的TM影像和2004年的中巴地球资源卫星影像,在RS、GPS和GIS技术支持下,结合福建省生态环境特征,选取了斑块面积指标、形状指标、破碎化程度指标、聚散性指标、多样性指标等5类景观生态学指数,研究福建省1986-2004年湿地景观格局演变规律.结果表明:(1)福建省湿地面积总体呈下降趋势.1986-2004年各期湿地总面积分别是:1793 793.06 hm2、1 665 966.28 hm2、1609 862.77 hm2、1618760.97 hm2.各景观面积指数表现出不同程度的变化,其中灌溉地、河流、河漫滩、沼泽、盐田景观面积呈现下降趋势,蓄水区、海水养殖景观面积增大,其他类型波动变化;(2)受人类活动的影响,景观优势组分对景观整体的控制作用有所减弱.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数4个时期分别为0.668 1、0.737 5、0.816 5、0.830 1,Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数分别0.3041、0.335 6、0.371 6、0.377 8,斑块面积变异系数由1986年的882.0695%下降到2004年的516.3157%;(3)湿地景观受外界干扰程度加大,破碎化程度加剧;同时,湿地原始形态也受到了较复杂的影响.边缘密度由1986年的5.9981m/hm2上升到2004年的6.6982m/hm2,平均形状指数也从2.1758略微下降到1.9910;(4)各斑块类型和周围相邻斑块类型的空间连接程度进一步降低,湿地景观被分隔态势增强.蔓延度指数下降,4个时期分别为83.3695、81.928 3、79.890 8、79.820 3,斑块结合度从1986年的99.202 9连续降至2004年的98.5459.     

Policy Drivers of U.S. Wetland Conversion Rates, 1955–2009

While conversion of wetlands to nonagricultural purposes has persisted, the five U.S. national wetland inventory reports spanning 1955–2009 show a large decline in the rate of conversion of wetlands for agriculture, especially from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. Through regression and path analysis, this study identifies primary policy and economic drivers of this decline in wetland conversions. The Clean Water Act §404 is strongly and negatively related to conversion rates. Crop prices affect wetland conversions both directly, by influencing returns to investments for conversion, and indirectly, by influencing Conservation and Wetland Reserve Program enrollments as well as the regulatory impact of Swampbuster. Along with the proportion of wetlands remaining, these factors explain 90–94% of the annual variation in total wetland conversions, agricultural conversions, and conversion of forested and emergent wetlands.     

不同气水比对两种人工湿地除污效果的影响

为比较不同气水比下各类型人工湿地的除污效果,选取火山石、炉渣和牡蛎壳作为人工湿地构建基质,研究两种人工湿地(表面流和潜流人工湿地)在不同气水比(0,2,4,6,8)下对污水的净化效果。结果表明:潜流型人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率均高于表面流人工湿地;尤其是在COD的去除过程中,当气水比≥4时,潜流式湿地对污染物的去除效果显著高于表面流人工湿地。此外,适当曝气可显著提高人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率,气水比为4时,表面流和潜流人工湿地对COD及TP的去除率显著高于气水比为0和2时的去除率。对NH_4~+-N而言,表面流和潜流人工湿地分别在气水比为8和6时达到最大去除率。气水比和人工湿地类型的交互作用对污染物的去除率影响不显著,在实际工程中可以忽略组合效应,致力于确定湿地类型及气水比各自对湿地除污效果的最优条件。     

杭州湾滨海湿地时空格局变化遥感调查研究

采用TM、SPOT-5卫星遥感数据,通过建立杭州湾滨海湿地分类体系和解译标志并进行人机交互解译,完成了杭州湾1987、1995、2003和2009年滨海湿地提取和分类。研究了4期杭州湾滨海湿地的利用状况、面积,以及时空格局变化情况,研究显示:1987~2009年期间,杭州湾滨海湿地主要表现为滩涂湿地的逐年减少和库塘湿地的逐年增加;1995年之前湿地变化以自然驱动力为主,之后人类活动影响明显,对近海域、滩涂不断开发,尤以南岸为主;以杭州湾湿地公园为典型的沼泽草甸湿地得到了较好的保护。     

Late Holocene Environmental Reconstructions from Lake Solai,Kenya

Playa lake systems tend to be overlooked archives of paleoenvironmental change due to the likelihood of a short and intermittent record of deposition. Groundwater-fed wetlands associated with these climate-sensitive playas, however, preserve changes in hydrologic budget and are thus valuable archives for semiarid regions. This study examines the paleoecological record of a groundwater-fed wetland from Lake Solai, Kenya. Biological proxies are used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental change and climate impacts over the past millennium. Dry conditions persisted between CE 1115 and 1490, followed by wetter conditions during the Little Ice Age. Near surface sediments indicate increasing anthropogenic impact through pastoralism.     

Modeling the influence of hydroperiod and vegetation on the cross-sectional formation of tidal channels

The evolution of the cross section of a salt-marsh channel is explored using a numerical model. Deposition on the marsh platform and erosion and deposition in the channel affect the tidal prism flowing through the cross section, such that the model captures the evolution of the stage–discharge relationship as the channel and marsh platform evolve. The model also captures the growth of salt-marsh vegetation on the marsh platform, and how this vegetation affects flow resistance and the rate of sedimentation. The model is utilized to study the influence of hydroperiod and vegetation encroachment on channel cross section. Numerical results show that a reduction in hydroperiod due to the emergence of the marsh platform causes an infilling of the channel. Vegetation encroachment on the marsh surface produces an increase in flow resistance and accretion due to organic and mineral sedimentation, with important consequences for the shape of the channel cross section. Finally, modeling results indicate that in microtidal marshes with vegetation dominated by Spartina alterniflora, the width-to-depth ratio of the channels decreases when the tidal flats evolve in salt marshes, whereas the cross-sectional area remains proportional to the tidal peak discharge throughout channel evolution.     

Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth

Coastal marshes accrete vertically in response to sea-level rise and subsidence. Inadequate accretion and subsequent conversion of coastal marshes to open water generally is attributed to inadequate mineral sedimentation because mineral sedimentation is widely assumed to control accretion. Using ¹³⁷Cs dating to determine vertical accretion, mineral sedimentation, and organic matter accumulation, we found that accretion varied with organic accumulation rather than mineral sedimentation across a wide range of conditions in coastal Louisiana, including stable marshes where soil was 80% mineral matter. These results agreed with previous research, but no mechanism had been proposed to explain accretion via vegetative growth. In an exploratory greenhouse experiment, we found that flooding stimulated root growth above the marsh surface. These results indicated the need for additional work to determine if flooding controls accretion in some marshes by stimulating root growth on the marsh surface, rather than by mineral accumulation on the marsh surface. Restoration or management that focus on mineral sedimentation may be ineffective where a relationship between accretion and mineral sedimentation is assumed rather than tested.     

江苏王港盐沼潮沟的水动力和悬沙输运过程

在江苏王港盐沼湿地的两条潮沟内分别设立观测站位，进行了水位、潮流流速和悬沙浓度的观测。结果表明，潮沟水流的流速与潮位变化率之问存在着显著的线性相关关系，并受到潮沟本身特征(如潮沟级别、坡度、所在部位等)的影响。潮周期中的流速突变现象发生于涨潮初期、潮沟满溢和滩面水归槽阶段。涨潮期间，悬沙浓度和流速有显著的正相关关系，悬沙浓度的变化受再悬浮作用控制；落潮期间，悬沙浓度的变化基本上与流速大小无关，悬沙输运以平流作用为主。大潮期间盐沼潮沟内悬沙净输运方向由陆向海。     

Geomorphological control of subsurface hydrology in the creekbank zone of tidal marshes

A combination of field and numerical modeling methods was used to assess porewater movement in a narrow (20 m) Spartina marsh which was flooded regularly by tidal waters. Soil composition and soil hydraulic properties did not vary across the marsh or with depth. Hydraulic head was monitored on a transect perpendicular to the creekbank. During exposure of the marsh surface, hydraulic gradients were predominantly horizontal; vertical gradients were small or zero. Subsurface flow was directed from the marsh interior toward the creekbank. Approximately 141 of pore water were discharged laterally to the adjacent tidal creek per meter of creekbank over a complete tidal cycle.A numerical hydrological model was modified to simulate subsurface hydraulics in the creekbank vicinity of regularly flooded tidal marshes. The model was parameterized to represent soil conditions, tidal fluctuations and topography at the field site. Observed changes in hydraulic head over complete tidal cycles were accurately predicted by the model. Model simulations identified the vertical infiltration of creek water into the marsh surface at the onset of tidal flooding as the primary source (66%) for the replacement of water drained at the creekbank. Significant replacement (31%) also occurred as discharge from the interior marsh. Horizontal recharge at the creekbank was minimal (3%).A sensitivity analysis was conducted with the model to assess the relative importance of geomorphological factors and soil properties in controlling pore water export at the creekbank of tidal marsh soils. Each parameter was varied systematically over a realistic range for field conditions. Changes in marsh elevation exerted greater control over creekbank discharge than changes in soil hydraulic properties. More rapid turnover of pore water near creekbanks of higher elevation marshes is hypothesized.