The impact of groundwater–surface water interactions on the water balance of a mesoscale lowland river catchment in northeastern Germany

The glacially formed northeastern German lowlands are characterized by extensive floodplains, often interrupted by relatively steep moraine hills. The hydrological cycle of this area is governed by the tight interaction of surface water dynamics and the corresponding directly connected shallow groundwater aquifer. Runoff generation processes, as well as the extent and spatial distribution of the interaction between surface water and groundwater, are controlled by floodplain topography and by surface water dynamics. A modelling approach based on extensive experimental analyses is presented that describes the specific water balance of lowland areas, including the interactions of groundwater and surface water, as well as reflecting the important role of time‐variable shallow groundwater stages for runoff generation in floodplains. In the first part, experimental investigations of floodplain hydrological characteristics lead to a qualitative understanding of the water balance processes and to the development of a conceptual model of the water balance and groundwater dynamics of the study area. Thereby model requirements which allow for an adequate simulation of the floodplain hydrology, considering also interactions between groundwater and surface water have been characterized. Based on these analyses, the Integrated Modelling of Water Balance and Nutrient Dynamics (IWAN) approach has been developed. This consists of coupling the surface runoff generation and soil water routines of the deterministic, spatially distributed hydrological model WASIM‐ETH‐I with the three‐dimensional finite‐difference‐based numerical groundwater model MODFLOW and Processing MODFLOW. The model was applied successfully to a mesoscale subcatchment of the Havel River in northeast Germany. It was calibrated for two small catchments (1·4 and 25 km²), where the importance of the interaction processes between groundwater and surface waters and the sensitivity of several controlling parameters could be quantified. Validation results are satisfying for different years for the entire 198 km² catchment. The model approach was further successfully tested for specific events. The experimental area is a typical example of a floodplain‐dominated landscape. It was demonstrated that the lateral flow processes and the interactions between groundwater and surface water have a major importance for the water balance and periodically superimposed on the vertical runoff generation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

森林湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究综述

森林湿地生态服务功能价值评估逐渐成为湿地科学前沿领域的热点话题。在介绍当前森林湿地生态系统定义和分布的基础上,综述了森林湿地主要生态服务功能的类型、机理和价值评估方法,旨在加强人们对森林湿地生态系统服务功能的认识,并为森林湿地的管理与保护提供科学支持。     

中国湿地变化的驱动力分析

在全球气候变化及中国社会经济迅速发展的背景下,为了解中国湿地分布的时空动态特征及演化规律,以4期(1978年、1990年、2000年、2008年)中国湿地遥感制图数据和3期(1990年、2000年、2005年)土地利用数据为基础,同时考虑到对湿地变化的影响程度和数据的可获取性,选取12个影响因子(平均温度、平均湿度、累计降水量、人口数量、地区生产总值、农林牧渔产值、耕地面积、粮食产量、有效灌溉面积、水库库容量、除涝面积、治碱面积)研究1978年—2008年这30年间中国湿地变化的驱动机制。考虑到地理现象的空间非平稳性,本文采用地理加权回归的方法分析驱动因子对湿地变化的影响作用。地理加权回归作为一种局部线性回归方法,能够直观地反映湿地驱动因子对湿地作用的地域差异。结果表明:不同类型的湿地变化的主要影响因素不同,内陆湿地与温度、降水以及农业耕作灌溉等密切相关;人工湿地与经济发展水平和水利设施兴建密切相关;滨海湿地与农林牧渔产业和人口等密切相关。同一类型湿地变化的主要影响因素随着时间推移也有所变化,并且影响程度在地域上也存在较为明显的南北和东西差异。本次研究结果基本反映了1978年—2008年中国湿地变化的特征规律。     

Millennial-scale shifts in microtidal ecosystems during the Holocene: dynamics and drivers of change from the Po Plain coastal record (NE Italy)

Framed into a robust stratigraphic context, multivariate analyses on the Holocene palaeobiological record (pollen, benthic foraminifers, ostracods) of the Po coastal plain (NE Italy) allowed the investigation of microtidal ecosystems variability and driving parameters along a 35-km-long land–sea transect. Millennial-scale ecosystem shifts are documented by coeval changes in the meiofauna, reflecting variations in organic matter–water depth (shallow-marine environments) and degree of confinement-salinity (back-barrier settings). In-phase shifts of vegetation communities track unsteady water-table levels and river dynamics in freshwater palustrine areas. Five environmental–ecological stages followed one another crossing four tipping points that mark changes in relative sea level (RSL), climate and/or fluvial regime. At the culmination of Mediterranean RSL rise, after the 8200 event, remarkable growth of peatlands took place in the Po estuary, while low accumulation rates typified the shelf. At the transgressive–regressive turnaround (~7000 cal a bp ), the estuary turned into a delta plain with tidally influenced interdistributary embayments. River flow regime oscillations after the Climate Optimum (post-5000 cal a bp ) favoured isolation of the bays and the development of brackish wetlands surrounded by wooded peatlands. The youngest threshold (~800 cal a bp ), which led to the establishment of the modern delta, reflects a major avulsion of the Po River.     

Groundwater flushing of solutes at wetland and hillslope positions during storm events in a small glaciated catchment in western New York,USA

While the role of groundwater in flushing of solutes has long been recognized, few studies have explicitly studied the within‐event changes in groundwater chemistry. We compared the changes in groundwater chemistry during storm events for a wetland and hillslope position in a small (1·5 ha) glaciated, forested catchment in western New York. Flushing responses for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), nitrate (NO₃) and sulfate (SO₄) in wetland and hillslope groundwaters were also compared against the corresponding responses in stream water. Eight storm events with varying intensity, amount, and antecedent moisture conditions were evaluated. Solute flushing patterns for wetland and hillslope groundwaters differed dramatically. While DOC concentrations in wetland groundwater followed a dilution trend, corresponding values for hillslope groundwater showed a slight increase. Concentrations for NO₃ in wetland groundwater were below detection limits, but hillslope groundwaters displayed high NO₃ concentrations with a pronounced increase during storm events. Flushing responses at all positions were also influenced by the size of the event and the time between events. We attributed the differences in flushing to the differences in hydrologic flow paths and biogeochemical conditions. Flushing of the wetland did appear to influence storm‐event stream chemistry but the same could not be said for hillslope groundwaters. This suggests that while a variety of flushing responses may be observed in a catchment, only a subset of these responses affect the discharge chemistry at the catchment outlet. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲新生湿地不同生境下翅碱蓬锰和锌含量的季节变化

锰和锌元素是植物生长所必须的微量元素,对植物的光合作用和氮的代谢起到重要的影响;锌元素还与植物生长素——吲哚乙酸的合成息息相关,锰元素则能够调节植物体内氧化还原状况,是盐生植物适应环境不可缺少的元素。于2008年5～11月,在黄河三角洲新生湿地不同生境下,对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的锰和锌含量与累积的季节变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,中潮滩翅碱蓬和低潮滩翅碱蓬的锰和锌含量分布存在明显差异,中潮滩翅碱蓬不同器官的锌含量都大于低潮滩翅碱蓬,而低潮滩翅碱蓬除了根的锰含量小于中潮滩翅碱蓬外,其他器官的锰含量都大于中潮滩翅碱蓬;二者不同器官的锰和锌含量都具有明显季节变化,其变化模式虽存在一定差异,但整体上都表现为生长初期锰和锌含量较低,之后波动增加;二者枯落物的锰含量变化较为一致,但锌含量差异显著(p<0.05);尽管中潮滩翅碱蓬与低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位的锰和锌含量间的相关性都未达到显著水平,但不同表现型植被间差异较大,原因可能与其生理生态结构以及对锰和锌元素吸收与利用程度的差异有关。中潮滩翅碱蓬、低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位的锰和锌储量亦具有明显季节变化,且其变化模式大多符合Gauss曲线;在翅碱蓬生长阶段,根为中潮滩翅碱蓬锰和锌元素的主要储库,其含量分别为(26.23±5.43)%和(2.84±1.06)%;根也为低潮滩翅碱蓬锌元素的主要储库,其含量为(19.58±10.95)%;而茎为低潮滩翅碱蓬锰元素的主要储库,其含量为(42.09±4.08)%。二者枯落物中锰和锌储量,特别是锌储量,所占比例很高,这可能与翅碱蓬生长末期,其地上不同器官中残存的大量锰和锌元素,在其死亡前因移动性较差而无法大量转移有关。研究发现,中潮滩翅碱蓬、低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位锰和锌含量和储量的变化及差异主要与其生态学特性、不同器官营养功能以及所处生境的水盐状况有关。     

东北屯人工湿地污水处理系统的设计与应用

从人工湿地规划设计的角度出发,依据地表水环境质量标准,以现有废弃渠道、坑塘为基础,通过开挖回填、调坡整治、基础压实等措施,建立了衡水市故城县郑口镇东北屯人工湿地污水处理系统。该系统包括前池、沉淀池、垂直流湿地、生态塘湿地、表面流湿地和蓄水池。探讨了人工湿地渗滤处理系统的主要设计参数;采用Freundlich公式、Kikuth公式和有关经验公式,分析了渗滤系统对污水生化需氧量、总氮、总磷的处理效果;研究了处理系统中垂直流、生态塘渗流和表面流的污染物去除率;针对水质、水量和环境温度3个主要因素进行了敏感性分析,给出了渗滤系统敏感性分析结果,并与湿地去污实验结果进行了比较,变化趋势基本一致。研究结果表明:①人工湿地规划设计应进行敏感性分析,以便更好地制定系统的控制运行预案;②湿地出水口高度应能够调节,以便控制湿地床体的"饱和"状态,充分发挥湿地渗滤、微生物的作用;③北方人工湿地的去污效果,受季节性影响较大,应采取塑料大棚或秸秆覆盖进行保温,在冬季,塑料大棚能够使湿地温度维持在13.3℃以上,日照时间基本不减少,湿地植物可正常生长;④当进水的生化需氧量浓度超过75mg/L时,应减小进水负荷,控制污染物总量在湿地高效处理范围内;⑤当日污水处理量超过3000m3/d时,应提高集污渠、前池、沉淀池的临时蓄存水位。     

城市游憩型滨河湿地景观规划方案评价——以河南省新乡市卫河滨河湿地为例

城市滨河湿地作为河流湿地的重要组成部分,其美化环境和休闲娱乐功能近年来受到广泛关注.如何对城市游憩型滨河湿地的景观规划方案进行科学合理地评价一直是方案评审中的难题,研究合理的评价方法具有一定的理论价值和实用价值.将因子分析法应用于城市游憩型滨河湿地景观规划方案评价中,以新乡市卫河滨河湿地的48个景观规划方案为样本,选取边界的连续性、绿化覆盖率、生物多样性、文化品质、场所丰富性、亲水宜人性、交通流畅性、夜景品质作为城市游憩型滨河湿地景观规划方案评价指标,构建了城市游憩型滨河湿地景观规划方案评估函数.应用该方法可以计算出每个方案的综合得分和排序.提取前10名的方案作为专家决选的依据,占样本总数的20.8％.这些方案或者整体质量较高,较全面兼顾了规划的需求;或者某些指标具有亮点,对方案整合具有借鉴意义.该方法可以减少评价指标的个数,有利于实现优中选优,增加评价的准确性并提高评价的效率.     

北部湾北部滨海湿地水体和表层沉积物中营养元素分布与污染评价

2009年4～5月,对北部湾北部滨海湿地水体和表层沉积物进行了取样调查,研究水体中营养盐和表层沉积物中碳、氮和磷元素含量、分布及其影响因素,并在此基础上评价了滨海湿地水体富营养化水平和表层沉积物的污染状况.研究区水体中的溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)、活性磷酸盐PO43-—P和化学需氧量(CODMn)平均含量分别为(211.84±37.44) μg/L、(11.01±12.11) μg/L和(0.92±0.32) mg/L;表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)的平均含量分别为(373±355) μg/g、(232.28±157.34) μg/g和(0.45±0.46)％.北部湾北部滨海湿地水体中的DIN含量和PO43-—P含量在茅尾海和廉州湾东部西场海区都很高,且水体富营养化比较严重,大规模的海水养殖可能是造成该现象的主要原因.研究区水体中CODMn含量空间分布呈近岸高、远岸低的特征.研究区铁山港顶部、南流江口、大风江口、钦江和茅岭江口较细的表层沉积物中的TN、TP和TOC含量较高.研究区表层沉积物的TOC/TN值分布表明,钦江口、钦州港区、防城港、企沙港区和珍珠湾东北部的沉积物有机质含量受到了强烈的陆源影响.根据加拿大安大略省环境质量评价标准,除了钦州湾顶部的龙门港区、大风江口中部和铁山港顶部西北角一小部分区域的表层沉积物中的TOC、TN和TP含量分别略高于1％、550μg/g和600μg/g,已被明显污染,而处于最低级别或严重危害级别,会对部分底栖生物产生影响外,其他绝大部分区域都属安全级别,为清洁或部分已被轻微污染.     

基于泛绿色设计的大庆油田受损湿地修复

泛绿色设计是处理解决各种环境问题的新理念和新技术路线.泛绿色设计不是为解决单一环境问题而进行的工程建设,而是多目标的协调和共赢,尤为关注的是对人类行为的规范化设计,系统地、综合地、集约化地解决多方面的环境和生态问题.针对大庆油田受损湿地的现状和存在的各种问题,运用泛绿色设计理论与方法,在对受损湿地的修复方面,提出了一些新的对策与实施途径:首先从转变思想观念入手,进行规范油田生产行为的绿色设计,提出了构建油田生产活动绿色作业体系的新思路.在此基础上,提出了要开展遵循油田湿地生态系统内部结构特征的绿色设计;综合运用生态工程的绿色设计;城市湿地公园的绿色设计;生物质能生产基地建设的绿色设计等一系列工程技术措施.泛绿色设计所实行的软件工程与硬件工程相结合的新理念和技术路线,在大庆油田受损湿地修复上的运用,现已初见成效,并为创建绿色油田奠定了有利基础.