察尔汗盐湖物质来源的研究

柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖是一个以氯化物为主的盐湖,然而今天补给该盐湖的水是碳酸盐和硫酸盐型的。所以,该盐湖的物质来源问题是研究其成因的根本问题,也一直是中外学者感兴趣。同时又感到非常棘手的问题,他们提出了各种假说。本文综合了六化学、岩相古地理、Sr和Br的地球化学、古生态、同位素和构造方面的资料,对前人提出的各种假说逐一进行了论证,最后的结论是,察尔汗盐湖的盐类物质有三个来原:通过河流补给的地表化学风化淋滤物质、通过断层补给的油田水和柴达木古湖的遗留物质。否定了海水来源和第三纪含盐系风化淋滤来源的假说。 中更新世末,察尔汗湖从柴达木古湖中完全蚀立出来,并继承了部分从古湖遗留下来的盐类物质。在察尔汗湖蚀立过程中和独立后早期,构造运动比较强烈,通过断层补给的油田水较多,后来随着构造运动的减弱,油田水补给量逐渐减少,而地丧化学风化淋滤物质的补给一直是比较稳定的。     

1975-2007年中亚干旱区内陆湖泊面积变化遥感分析

中亚干旱区内陆湖泊的湖面变化反映了气候波动和人类活动对流域水文过程的影响.本文以中亚干旱区平原区尾闾湖泊、吞吐湖泊和高山湖泊三类典型内陆湖泊为研究对象,利用1975-2007年Landsat遥感影像,基于归一化水体指数提取湖泊水域边界信息,分析近30年来内陆湖泊湖面变化特征.结果表明,近30年来,研究区内有超过一半的内...     

2-甲基藿烷:陆相湖盆中古沉积环境的分子化石

A环上带C-2或C-3位取代基的甲基藿烷常常用于反映细菌的新陈代谢过程(Summons et al．, 1999)。通过GC-MS和GC-MS-MS分析,在济阳坳陷古近系湖相沉积岩中检测到了丰富而完整的C28-C362α-甲基藿烷系列。2-甲基藿烷来源于蓝细菌体内的2β-甲基细菌藿烷多醇(Summons et al．,1999),在成岩作用中这种多羟基化合物易于结合到干酪根中,并在随后的热降解生烃过程中释放出2-甲基藿烷。2-甲基藿烷具有与藿烷类似的异构化反应,但转化速率和热力学平衡点有所变化。2-甲基藿烷的发育与古沉积环境的关系最为密切,高丰度2-甲基藿烷仅出现在浅水、低能量的碳酸盐岩沉积环境中,随着成熟度增加,2-甲基藿烷指数增大,随着湖盆水体扩大和深度增加,2-甲基藿烷指数迅速减小;在整个生烃阶段泥质岩中2-甲基藿烷都不发育。2-甲基藿烷的组成和分布形式反映了水体氧化还原条件的变化。2-甲基藿烷对于古沉积环境的恢复和古生态的重建具有重要意义,应用于陆相盆地的油气勘探则有助于更加准确地厘定有效烃源岩体。     

鄱阳湖通江水道鱼类空间分布特征及资源量评估

于2014年9月24至26日在鄱阳湖通江水道湖口至屏峰段使用SIMRAD EY60回声探测仪对鱼类资源进行水声学调查.结果显示,鄱阳湖通江水道鱼类目标强度平均值为-56.4±6.4 d B,范围为-69.9~-32.1 d B;估算的平均全长为7.6 cm,范围为1.2~98.0 cm;鱼类资源的平均密度为53.7 ind./1000 m3,范围为0~441.7 ind./1000 m3.在水平分布上,鱼类主要分布在湖口县、鞋山和屏峰附近3个水域.区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅲ的鱼类密度显著高于区域Ⅱ的鱼类密度;区域Ⅲ的鱼类个体大小显著小于区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ.在垂直分布上,多数鱼类栖息于主河槽的深水区,且大个体更倾向于深水区.在此基础上,利用Arc GIS地统计插值方法估算鄱阳湖通江水道湖口至屏峰山水域鱼类总数量约为6.2×107ind.,总生物量约620 t.结果表明,鄱阳湖通江水道是鱼类重要的栖息地,建议加强该水域的保护,保持鄱阳湖与长江的自然连通.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊水分补给机制的模拟——以苏木吉林湖区为例

巴丹吉林沙漠气候干旱,蒸发强烈,与之形成鲜明对比的是沙漠腹地湖泊群的长久不衰,目前对于湖泊水分的补给来源仍存在争议.本文以水量均衡为基础,在苏木吉林湖区开展了降水、蒸发及湖水位和地下水位的动态监测,结合已有的水文地质资料建立地下水流动三维模型,重现湖区地下水位的季节动态变化,并基于模型进行水均衡分析.结果表明:苏木吉林湖区降水入渗补给量不足以平衡湖泊蒸发量,湖泊需要深层承压水的越流补给;湖水位和地下水位均呈现正弦曲线形态,11月最低,4月达到峰值,水位变幅分别为22和18 cm;湖区地下水多年平均总补给量为11620 m3/d,其中降水和承压水越流分别约占13%和87%,降水补给量夏季高、冬季低,承压水越流补给量季节变化不明显;承压水越流补给量可能主要来源于沙漠周边山区降水,未发现明显的水量亏空需要断裂导水来弥补.研究结果为巴丹吉林沙漠地下水资源分析及合理利用提供科学依据.     

加筋条件和含水率对加筋土抗压强度和应力应变的影响

由滨海盐渍土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化引起的土的低强度和大变形问题,可通过麦秸秆加筋的方法予以应对。加筋土的抗压强度及应力应变特性与麦秸秆的加筋长度、加筋率和土的含水率有关。加筋土的抗压强度试验结果证实：0.25%加筋率的加筋土抗压强度最大,0.20%和0.30%的次之;50 mm加筋长度加筋土的抗压强度最大,70 mm的最小。0.25%加筋率的加筋土应力应变曲线的峰值最大;随加筋长度的增加,加筋率对应力应变的影响程度降低。随加筋长度的增加,加筋土的应力应变曲线由应变软化型渐变为应变硬化型,以70 mm加筋长度的最为明显。低于最优含水率,应力应变曲线存在峰值;高于最优含水率,加筋土逐渐转向塑性变形。总结麦秸秆加筋土的抗压强度和应力应变的变化规律,为后期的三轴抗剪强度及其偏应力应变特性研究提供借鉴。     

Sequence stratigraphy and Quaternary depositional systems in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin,northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic compresso-shearing basin in western China. This basin has been subsiding since the Indosinian orogeny, and the subsidence is a strongly inherited feature in its Quaternary development. Five third-order sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were recognised using drilling/logging, coring and seismic data analysis. Each sequence was further divided into transgressive systems tract and regressive systems tract based on the maximum flooding surface. A sequence stratigraphic framework was established that revealed the distribution of sedimentary systems. Seven depositional systems, namely, alluvial fan, fan delta, braided-delta, shore lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, semi-deep lacustrine and incised valley depositional system, were identified from 105 well logs and 2?D seismic lines covering 1600?km. The sedimentary system distribution was identified as follows: (1) large-scale alluvial deposit located on the southern slope and adjacent to Kunlun Mountain and Yaber tectonic zone located northeast of the study area; (2) braided-delta deposits southeast of the Sanhu area; (3) widely developed fan-delta sediments on the base of Qigequan Formation in the Yaber tectonic zone; (4) well-deposited shoal lacustrine facies along the depositional strike in the regressive systems tract; (5) widely distributed shallow lacustrine facies; and (6) incised valley with large lateral extension and incision depth as an entity at the front of the Golmud Basin in the Sanhu area. Two different depositional models, namely, east and west models, were built by conducting an integrated analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary process. In the Sanhu area, the main controlling factors of the sequence architecture and depositional systems associations of the Qigequan Formation are tectonic subsidence and climate change with sediment supply and lake-level fluctuation secondary factors. This case study provides an example of the analyses of sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems in a salinised plateau basin. The approach combines seismic and sedimentary facies analysis to investigate Quaternary deposition and stratigraphy. The low-amplitude tectonic belt on the northern slope and the lithological traps on the southern slope are predicted to be favourable for the lithological gas reservoirs.     

季节性冻土区人工盐化路基冻胀模型试验

以青藏铁路西格段季节性冻土区路基冻害为研究背景,在室内分普通和盐化两个试验段填筑路基实体模型,进行封闭系统中反复冻融循环条件下的模型试验,分析冻融循环条件下普通路基和人工盐化路基的温度和位移规律,并探讨水分、盐分的迁移规律。结果表明:路基土体温度与环境温度变化趋势一致,路基土体的温度滞后于环境温度约36 h;越靠近冷端的位置,温度波动范围越大,温度随着深度的增加逐渐减小,温差也随之减小,路基土体温度的波动范围约为环境温度波动的一半;温度是影响水分迁移的主要因素,水分迁移在路基顶面以下一定的范围内达到最大,越靠近冷端,水分迁移量越大;路基土盐化之后冻胀量减小约73.9%,说明人工盐化路基土的方法可以整治季节性冻土区路基冻害。     

Diagenetic transformations and silcrete–calcrete intergrade duricrust formation in palaeo‐estuary sediments

The Boteti palaeo‐estuary in northern Botswana is located where the endoreic Boteti river, an overflow from the regional Okavango river system, enters the Makgadikgadi pans. The present work considers diagenetic silica and calcium carbonate dominated transformations. The aims are to help identify precursor conditions for the origin of microcrystalline silcrete–calcrete intergrade deposits while developing insight into pene‐contemporaneous silica and calcite matrix formation. General precursor conditions require the presence of cyclical endoreic freshwater inflow into a saline pan. The pan should be deep enough to sustain a permanent watertable under climatic conditions sufficient to cause carbonate fractionation within the groundwater. Freshwater inflow into a saline pan drives the geochemistry of the system (from freshwater to saline, from neutral to high pH). The geochemistry is controlled by the periodicity of inflow relative to salinity levels of phreatic groundwater in the receptor saline pan. The source of most silica and localized CaCO₃ is derived from the dissolution and precipitation of micro‐fossils, while more general CaCO₃ enrichment stems from saline pan based carbonate fractionation. Diagenetic change leads to colloidal then more consolidated bSiO₂/CaO aggregate formation (amorphous silica) followed by transformations into opaline silica over time. Irregular zones of siliceous sediment forming in otherwise calcareous deposits may relate to the irregular occurrence of biogenic silica in the source sediments, inferring a source for local silica mobilization in intergrade deposits. The distribution of calcareous micro‐fossils may have a similar converse effect. Diagenetic evidence from an intergrade deposit with a low SiO₂/CaO ratio suggests that transformation occurred more into the pan, while an intergrade deposit with a high SiO₂/CaO ratio more likely formed closer to a land margin and was frequently inundated by freshwater. Pene‐contemporaneous silcrete–calcrete intergrade formation under the above conditions may take place where dissolved silica crystallizes out in the vicinity of calcite crystals due to local decreases in pH. The continuing consolidation of bSiO₂/CaO aggregates may be facilitated by the presence of increasing amounts of calcite. It appears that CaCO₃ may act as a catalyst leading to pene‐contemporaneous bSiO₂/CaO aggregate formation. However the processes involved require further work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.