不同温压条件下泥质粉砂岩二氧化碳突破压的试验研究

CO2突破压是CO2地质封存盖层密封性和安全性评价的关键指标之一,盖层CO2突破压试验技术也是评价盖层密封性的关键技术之一。国内外学者已经对不同盖层岩样的CO2突破压开展了较为系统的试验研究,但还未对不同温度和压力条件下的CO2突破压变化规律进行研究。在调研现有CO2突破压试验方法和设备的基础上,研制了集成分步法、连续法、脉冲法和驱替法等多种突破压测量方法的CO2突破压试验装置,具有广泛的适用范围。采用该试验装置对四川盆地内须家河组泥质粉砂岩薄弱盖层开展了突破压试验研究,研究40～70 ℃和10～30 MPa温压范围内超临界CO2突破压的变化规律。试验拟合结果显示：在所研究的温压范围内,CO2突破压随CO2压力升高而降低;随CO2温度上升而上升。试验结果与基于表面张力的理论结果趋势吻合较好,但存在一定的差异;两者之间的差异可能是受CO2-水接触角变化、砂岩孔隙结构非均质性以及试验方法的影响。     

Internal wave weather heterogeneity in a deep multi-basin subalpine lake resulting from wavelet transform and numerical analysis

The internal wave-field of a Y-shaped lake (Lake Como, North Italy) was investigated over a 3-year long period applying wavelet time–frequency analysis to temperature and wind data time series, recorded at the edge of each of the three arms. The comparison with the results from a modal model allowed to identify the presence of both first and second vertical modes of oscillations. The field data analysis underlined a heterogeneous baroclinic response with the eastern arm decoupled from the remaining part of the lake constituted by the northern and western arms (north–south west transect). This disjoined response is expected to enhance the water exchange between the northern and the western arm, with relevant consequences on the inter-basins water exchanges and on the distribution of chemical and biological species. In the north–south west transect the analysis of the low power signals in winter underlined a residual internal wave activity ascribed to the first vertical free mode of oscillation (V1H1).     

Diagenetic transformations and silcrete–calcrete intergrade duricrust formation in palaeo‐estuary sediments

The Boteti palaeo‐estuary in northern Botswana is located where the endoreic Boteti river, an overflow from the regional Okavango river system, enters the Makgadikgadi pans. The present work considers diagenetic silica and calcium carbonate dominated transformations. The aims are to help identify precursor conditions for the origin of microcrystalline silcrete–calcrete intergrade deposits while developing insight into pene‐contemporaneous silica and calcite matrix formation. General precursor conditions require the presence of cyclical endoreic freshwater inflow into a saline pan. The pan should be deep enough to sustain a permanent watertable under climatic conditions sufficient to cause carbonate fractionation within the groundwater. Freshwater inflow into a saline pan drives the geochemistry of the system (from freshwater to saline, from neutral to high pH). The geochemistry is controlled by the periodicity of inflow relative to salinity levels of phreatic groundwater in the receptor saline pan. The source of most silica and localized CaCO₃ is derived from the dissolution and precipitation of micro‐fossils, while more general CaCO₃ enrichment stems from saline pan based carbonate fractionation. Diagenetic change leads to colloidal then more consolidated bSiO₂/CaO aggregate formation (amorphous silica) followed by transformations into opaline silica over time. Irregular zones of siliceous sediment forming in otherwise calcareous deposits may relate to the irregular occurrence of biogenic silica in the source sediments, inferring a source for local silica mobilization in intergrade deposits. The distribution of calcareous micro‐fossils may have a similar converse effect. Diagenetic evidence from an intergrade deposit with a low SiO₂/CaO ratio suggests that transformation occurred more into the pan, while an intergrade deposit with a high SiO₂/CaO ratio more likely formed closer to a land margin and was frequently inundated by freshwater. Pene‐contemporaneous silcrete–calcrete intergrade formation under the above conditions may take place where dissolved silica crystallizes out in the vicinity of calcite crystals due to local decreases in pH. The continuing consolidation of bSiO₂/CaO aggregates may be facilitated by the presence of increasing amounts of calcite. It appears that CaCO₃ may act as a catalyst leading to pene‐contemporaneous bSiO₂/CaO aggregate formation. However the processes involved require further work. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The formation of fan-deltas in mountain lakes: Findings from Zelené Kežmarské Lake (Slovakia)

Fan-deltas are formed in mountain lakes, contributing to changes in shorelines' shapes and filling lake basins with sediments. Factors that condition sediment delivery to the lakes and the formation of fan-deltas are not fully understood. This study aims to identify processes forming fan-deltas in mountain lakes based on the sedimentary architecture of a fan-delta filling Zelené Kežmarské Lake (Slovakia). Our study is based on ground-penetrating radar and seismic refraction surveys conducted over the lake and debris-flow fans in its vicinity, and grain-size analyses of the surface deposits. The internal structure of the fan-delta comprises foreset deposits representing the fan-delta lobes. Mouth bars were identified in the near-shore zone. The fan-delta is built of sands and silty sands whereas an alluvial debris-flow dominated fan west of the lake contains gravels. A general trend of downslope fining of the fan surface sediments, disturbed by zones of coarse gravels, was identified in the surficial sediments forming the fan. The fan-delta was formed by depositional events in humid periods, alternating with dry periods featured with a small or no deposition. The lake-level steadily rose in the humid periods and remained stable in dry periods. The contrast between the coarse sediments forming the alluvial debris-flow dominated fan, and sands forming the fan-delta was caused by a selective deposition. Coarse gravels in the fan were mobilized in humid periods but did not reach the lake-shore. The reason was a basement rock ridge situated parallel to the lake shore. Sands were delivered to the fan-delta in humid periods owing to frequent high-energy flows. A deposition of silts took place in dry periods. The studied fan-delta might preserve the sedimentary record of three humid periods from the last 200 years. However, further studies are needed to establish the timing of the fan-delta formation.     

2-甲基藿烷:陆相湖盆中古沉积环境的分子化石

A环上带C-2或C-3位取代基的甲基藿烷常常用于反映细菌的新陈代谢过程(Summons et al．, 1999)。通过GC-MS和GC-MS-MS分析,在济阳坳陷古近系湖相沉积岩中检测到了丰富而完整的C28-C362α-甲基藿烷系列。2-甲基藿烷来源于蓝细菌体内的2β-甲基细菌藿烷多醇(Summons et al．,1999),在成岩作用中这种多羟基化合物易于结合到干酪根中,并在随后的热降解生烃过程中释放出2-甲基藿烷。2-甲基藿烷具有与藿烷类似的异构化反应,但转化速率和热力学平衡点有所变化。2-甲基藿烷的发育与古沉积环境的关系最为密切,高丰度2-甲基藿烷仅出现在浅水、低能量的碳酸盐岩沉积环境中,随着成熟度增加,2-甲基藿烷指数增大,随着湖盆水体扩大和深度增加,2-甲基藿烷指数迅速减小;在整个生烃阶段泥质岩中2-甲基藿烷都不发育。2-甲基藿烷的组成和分布形式反映了水体氧化还原条件的变化。2-甲基藿烷对于古沉积环境的恢复和古生态的重建具有重要意义,应用于陆相盆地的油气勘探则有助于更加准确地厘定有效烃源岩体。     

Water quality in pit lakes in disseminated gold deposits compared to two natural, terminal lakes in Nevada

 Within the next 10–15 years, over 35 mines in Nevada will have a lake in their open pit mines after dewatering and cessation of mining. Of the ten past or existing pit lakes at eight different gold mines for which temporal data are available, most had near neutral pH, yet most had at least one constituent (e.g., As, SO₄, TDS) that exceeded drinking water standards for at least one sampling event. Most samples from pit lakes had TDS exceeding drinking water standards, but lower than that in the natural Pyramid (TDS≈5,500 mg/l) and Walker (TDS≈14,000 mg/l) Lakes. In the past century, salinity increased in both natural, terminal lakes, in part due to irrigation withdrawals and evapoconcentration. The salinity in the pit lakes may also increase through time via evapoconcentration. However, water balance models indicate that up to 132% (Walker Lake) of the total yearly inflow evaporates from the terminal lakes, whereas steady-state may be reached in the pit lakes modelled, where evaporative losses account for only ≈6% of the total pit lake volume annually and ≈100% of the net inflow (groundwater inflow minus outflow, precipitation and runoff into the lake). The effects of evapoconcentration are expected to be less significant at most pit lakes than at the natural, terminal lakes because (1) evaporation rates are lower at many pit lakes because they are located at higher elevations than the terminal lakes, and (2) the surface area to depth ratio of the pit lakes is >1000 times smaller than that of the terminal lakes. Received: 1 March 1999 · Accepted: 13 April 1999     

中国盐湖资源的开发利用与环境保护

论述了中国盐湖资源开发利用与环境保护两者关系、现状、存在问题 ,及合理开发利用与环境保护的某些对策。     

THE ORIGIN OF DOUBLE HIGH CONDUCTIVITY LAYERS IN THE CRUST OF SOUTHERN TIBET AND ITS GEODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCE

THE ORIGIN OF DOUBLE HIGH CONDUCTIVITY LAYERS IN THE CRUST OF SOUTHERN TIBET AND ITS GEODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCE     

Holocene environmental history of thermokarst lakes on Richards Island, Northwest Territories, Canada: Theocamoebians as paleolimnological indicators

Richards Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, is characterized by thermokarst lakes which record Holocene limnological change. This study is the first report of thecamoebian assemblages and continuous annual lake water temperatures from these Arctic lakes. Ecological environments on Richards Island are influenced by a climatic gradient resulting from the contrasting influences of the cold Beaufort Sea to the north and the warm waters of the Mackenzie Delta to the east and west. This climatic gradient in turn influences modern thecamoebian assemblages, and is an indication of the complexity involved in interpreting past conditions from core material in this area.Population abundance and species diversity of thecamoebian assemblages on Richards Island are not significantly different from those reported from temperate and semi-tropical latitudes. However, certain assemblage characteristics, such as large and coarse agglutinated tests, dominance of assemblages by one or two species and low morphological variation are interpreted to be diagnostic of Arctic conditions. Thecamoebian assemblages in core material from the area indicate that the local paleolimnological conditions may have changed within the last 3 ka, and this is unrecorded in previously reported pollen data.Paleoenvironmental interpretations in a permafrost landscape have to take into account morphological instability of thermokarst lakes, which can be the cause of paleolimnological and consequently faunal change. In this area ecosystem development is clearly related to geomorphology and local climatic effects and is not exclusively controlled by regional climate change.