盐渍土化学潜蚀溶陷过程阶段化模型分析

将盐渍土化学潜蚀溶陷变形过程划分为3状态2阶段进行分析,并根据阶段变化规律总结出不同状态时土体物理指标间的相互关系.通过该关系分析出盐渍土溶陷发生的关键阶段,并推导了盐渍土溶陷系数与溶陷前后土体物理指标间的数量关系.分析并验证了土体的孔隙比、含盐率以及土体的结构组成形式都是影响盐渍土潜蚀溶陷变形的重要因素.     

Application of a rainfall-runoff model to three catchments in Iraq

Abstract

The capability of the Surface inFiltration Baseflow (SFB) conceptual rainfall-runoff model to simulate streamflow for three catchments selected from northern Iraq is investigated. These catchments differ in their climatic regimes and physical characteristics. Three versions of the model were tested: the original three-parameter model (SFB), the modified five-parameter model (SFB-5), and the modified six-parameter model (SFB-6). The available daily precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and runoff data were used in conjunction with a simulated annealing (SA) optimization technique to calibrate the various versions of the SFB model. A simple sensitivity analysis was then carried out to determine the relative importance of the model parameters. The study indicated that use of the original three parameter model was not adequate to simulate monthly streamflow in the selected catchments. The modified version (SFB-5) provided better runoff simulation than the original SFB model; overall a 19% increase was observed in the coefficient of determination (R²) between simulated and observed monthly runoff. The SFB-5 model performed with varying degrees of success among the catchments. The model performance in the validation stage was reasonable and comparable to that of the calibration stage. The sensitivity analysis of the SFB model for arid catchments revealed that the baseflow parameter (B) was the most sensitive one, while the S and F parameters were less sensitive than the B parameter.     

Computerized database on salt affected soils in western and central India using GIS

Salt affected soils occupy significant areas in western and central India manifested by the arid and semiarid climate, sandy/clayey soil texture, absence of natural drainage, and inadequate infrastructure and irrigation development. These soils are productive following reclamation and appropriate management. The National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad (India) published state-wise maps of salt affected soils in India on 1:250,000 scale using a legend that includes physiography, soil characteristics, and the aerial extent of the mapping units. In the analogue form, voluminous data contained in such maps were difficult to handle by users of varied backgrounds. An attempt was made to prepare a computerized database of salt affected soils for easy access, retrieval, and manipulation of spatial and attribute data useful for management of salt affected soils. The salt affected soils maps were prepared, for Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra states, overlaying digitized layers of SAS polygons and the Survey of India basemap using the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software. GIS was used to prepare a composite (master) database of western and central India that showed the extent and distribution of salt affected soils. A relational database was prepared combining the digitized polygons with soil characteristics such as nature and degree of salinity (presence of higher concentration of neutral salts and neutral soil reaction), sodicity (presence of higher concentration of basic salts and alkaline reaction) and ground coverage. The regional and zonal databases of salt affected soils were prepared at a suitable scale overlaying agro-climatic regions agro-climatic zones. Spatial relation of salt affected soils with physiography, climate, geology, and agro-eco-sub-regions were evaluated employing map calculations in GIS. Saline soils were prevalent in Gujarat, and Rajasthan while sodic soils were dominant in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. These were distributed primarily in the arid (B) plain of Rajasthan, alluvial (A) and coastal (D) plains of Gujarat, and peninsular plain (F) of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It occupied 2,596,942 ha (78%) in the western (Rajasthan and Gujarat) and 733,608 ha (22%) in the central (Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) regions. The SAS occupied 3.3 million ha in the western and central region constituting 50% of the total salt affected soils in India. The saline and sodic soils occupied 2,069,285 ha (62%) and 1,261,266 ha (38%), respectively.     

深部咸含水层CO2注入的流体迁移模拟研究 ——以松辽盆地三肇凹陷为例

CO2地质封存是减少温室气体向大气排放的有效措施之一,而深部咸含水层CO2地质封存是目前可行的最有潜力的封存技术。先前研究表明,松辽盆地是一个潜在的封存场地。基于对松辽盆地地质资料的初步分析,选取三肇凹陷的姚家组1段和青山口组2、3段地层作为CO2的注入层,建立一个典型二维模型,研究CO2注入后的迁移规律。结果表明,CO2注入后会向上和侧向迁移,后期可能出现的对流作用能促进CO2的溶解。残留气体饱和度、注入层水平和垂直渗透率的比值对模拟结果影响最大。此外,储层中的薄页岩夹层有利于CO2的溶解,因此,在保证注入性和封存量的情况下,储层中低渗透性夹层是允许的。     

基于数值模拟探讨提高咸水层CO2 封存注入率的途径

咸水层CO2地质封存是减少大气中CO2排放量的有效途径。CO2注入率是衡量咸水层中CO2注入能力的有效因素,因此,研究注入速率的变化规律及提高的措施是很有工程价值的。在很多区域,地层的低渗透性限制了CO2的注入率。针对鄂尔多斯盆地的水文地质条件,通过数值模拟,探讨在低渗透性咸水层中提高CO2注入率的途径,包括改变储层中的盐度、采用水平井注入、增加注入井段的长度以及采取水力压裂等工程措施。其中改变储层中的盐度可通过在注入CO2前向储层中注入一定量的水来实现。模拟结果表明,这些方式可以有效地提高CO2注入率,其中水平井改造方式和水力压裂工程措施效果显著,盐度改造措施在地层初始含盐度较高时,会有更好的效果。研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地和类似地区的咸水层CO2地质封存项目提供参考。     

晚第四纪柴达木盆地盐湖成盐期与冰期对比方案的再认识

文章以柴达木盆地察汗斯拉图、昆特依和一里坪盐湖共计6个中更新统—全新统含盐地层剖面为研究对象,通过铀系测年和光释光测年测定其成盐年代,利用X射线衍射分析测定其盐类矿物种类.察汗斯拉图D19剖面芒硝和石盐层的铀系年代为(231.5±19.5)～(239.5±40.4)ka BP,对应于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)7早期;昆...     

高分子材料固化滨海盐渍土的强度与微结构研究

高分子材料SH固土剂与生石灰粉共同固化滨海盐渍土具有很高的抗压强度、抗拉强度和水稳性。由于SH固土剂对土颗粒的包裹作用及在土颗粒间和孔隙内形成的丝网状联接结构,使得固化土的强度和水稳性较单一石灰固化土提高很多,正弦波压缩疲劳作用降低了固化土的抗压强度。在一定的荷载值及幅值条件下,随疲劳次数的增加,抗压强度下降。30×103疲劳次数是强度下降的另一个起始点。固化土的微结构形貌照片显示,SH固土剂在两周固化龄期时形成了稳固的丝网状联接结构,四周龄期时结构已相当稳定。浸水后丝网状联接结构依然存在,表明SH固土剂的固化反应具有不可逆性。     

人工神经网络在盐渍土盐胀特性研究中的应用

利用人工神经网络处理非线性体系的优势性,对盐渍土膨胀规律多影响因素试验数据进行了建模方法分析,提出了盐渍土盐胀率随含水量、氯化钠含量、硫酸钠含量、初始干容重和上覆荷载5因素变化的计算公式,计算结论比常规二次回归法更加符合目前对盐渍土盐胀规律的定性认识.     

硫酸（亚硫酸）盐渍土单次盐胀和冻胀发育规律研究

对盐胀和冻胀规律的研究有助于深入认识硫酸（亚硫酸）盐渍土的工程性质。通过对天山北麓水磨河流域细土平原区硫酸（亚硫酸）盐渍土盐胀和冻胀试验研究发现：（1）随着温度的降低,试样盐胀和冻胀率逐渐增大。试样冻结前土体产生的膨胀是盐胀,试样冻结后产生的膨胀是盐胀和冻胀,当土体达到-15℃以后,土体盐胀和冻胀趋于稳定。（2）硫酸钠含量不变的情况下,随着含水量的增大,其起胀温度降低。土体起胀温度取决于土体中硫酸钠析水结晶温度、硫酸钠结晶含量的多少、土体结构、内摩阻力、粘聚力、土颗粒间的引力、土体孔隙间和孔隙接触间吸收结晶硫酸钠的程度。（3）硫酸钠含量增加,其单次盐胀和冻胀率变化区间增大。     

高盐变质流体对我国绿岩带金矿的制约

高盐变质流体为绿岩带原岩在变质 -混合岩化过程中产生的液体 ,其含盐度高达 30～ 40 wt% Na Cl,富含 K、Na、Ca、Mg碱金属离子 ,K/ Na≈ 1,呈强碱性 ,有利于绿岩中 Au的活化和迁移 ,使绿岩带起到金的矿源层作用 ,并且间接地控制了变质期后绿岩型金矿的形成和分布 ,控制了绿岩型金矿的规模大小