Vulnerability to Hurricane Damage on the U.S. Gulf Coast Since 1950

We study hurricane risk on the U.S. Gulf Coast during 1950‐2005, estimating the wind damage and storm surge from every hurricane in this extended period. Wind damage is estimated from the known path and wind speeds of individual storms and calibrated to fit actual damage reports for a sample of Gulf Coast storms. Storm surge is estimated using the SLOSH model developed by NOAA. These models provide the first comprehensive overview of the hurricane storm hazard as it has been experienced over a fifty‐six‐year period. We link the estimated damage with information on the population and specific socio‐demographic components of the population (by age, race, and poverty status). Results show that white, young adult, and nonpoor populations have shifted over time away from zones with higher risk of wind damage, while more vulnerable population groups–the elderly, African Americans, and poor—have moved in the opposite direction. All groups have moved away from areas with high risk of storm surge since 1970. But in this case, perhaps because living near the water is still perceived as an amenity, those at highest risk are whites, elderly, and nonpoor households. Here exposure represents a trade‐off between the risk and the amenity.     

北京秋季城区和近郊近地层O3特征

北京十三陵地区出现O3高值,一直是人们所关心的环境问题,秋季是北京地区高O3浓度季节,为此2001年9月7～17日在北京城区舞蹈学院楼顶和十三陵地区昭陵进行了一次以O3为主,并结合其前体物的综合比对实验.对北京城区和郊区地面O3特征进行了比对分析,目的是了解北京秋季近地面城乡O3差异的原因.结果表明郊区O3浓度日均值普遍大于城区O3日均值,城区和郊区白天O3浓度接近,城乡O3平均浓度的差异是由于不同天气条件下城区夜间地面O3浓度很低,有时甚至接近于零,而郊区夜间O3依然维持一定浓度.其主要原因在于城区有较多的污染排放源,致使夜间NO浓度维持相对高值,其通过滴定过程大量消耗O3所致.观测中发现无论城区或郊区当小时平均NO浓度大于10×10-9(体积混合比)时,相应小时平均O3浓度接近于零.NO2/NO低值区对应于地面O3低浓度,城区夜间NO2/NO值低于郊区.由此可见城区O3日平均值较低和城区空气污染重于郊区有密切关系.     

闽南沿海地区海岸带韧性时空分布特征

在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重胁迫下,人口密度高、经济发达的沿海地带成为生态环境风险的高危地区。为揭示研究区海岸带韧性特性,有效评价海岸带韧性发展历程,从而对海岸带韧性提升提出针对性成效管理策略。本研究以闽南沿海地区的18个县区（不包括金门县）为研究对象,选取海岸动力、海岸防护能力、经济发展、社会发展以及生态特征等5个方面、14个海岸韧性指标因子,利用AHP Critic法、灰色关联TOPSIS法、自然断点法以及贡献度模型,构建研究区海岸带韧性评价体系。结果表明,闽南沿海地区在空间上呈现出中部以厦门市辖区为代表区域的海岸带韧性高值区（韧性平均值为0.517~0.542）,南部是漳州沿海地区的海岸带韧性低值区（韧性平均值为0.482~0.514）;海岸动力、海岸防护能力是其主控要素和影响因子。闽南沿海地区韧性演化经历了3个阶段,分别是早期的韧性提升阶段（1980—1990年）,经济高速发展中生态环境造破坏的韧性破坏阶段（1991—2010年）,注重生态修复保护工作,使海岸带韧性提升的恢复阶段（2011—2020年）。厦门、漳州、泉州三地在上述3阶段的韧性演化过程存在时间上的相位差异,其与三地不同的区位特点与地域经济发展历程有关。     

甘肃省农村民房地震易损性的调查与分析

甘肃省农村地震灾害严重。基于对甘肃省农村民房的调查和数次农村民房震害资料分析,概括论述了甘肃省农村民房的主要类型及其抗震性能,研究分析了甘肃农村民房地震易损性的主要影响因素,涉及农村民房的建筑场地和地基基础、结构布局、施工技术、选材用料以及维护使用等方面。     

国外城市化进程中乡村发展与建设实践及其启示

英美等发达国家在城市化进程中注重中小城镇建设、协调城乡发展,日韩等工业后发国家在工业化和城市化进程中加强对农业与农村扶持、积极推动农村现代化.从美、英、日、韩等国家的成功经验看,加快城市化尤其是农村城市化进程、重构城乡空间、改造传统农业,是我国解决“三农”问题、实现城乡一体化、加快农业和农村现代化进程的必由之路.美英日韩等国城市化进程中乡村建设实践对我国当前解决“三农”问题、促进乡村发展的启示主要有：①“城市反哺农村、工业反哺农业”是城市化发展到一定阶段的客观要求;②我国农村城市化正处于加速阶段,迫切需要重构乡村空间结构、实现城乡统筹发展,乡村建设与规划势在必行;③在乡村建设与规划中,要加大对农业和农村的扶持力度,注重农村居民点体系的合理布局、基础设施和公共服务实施完善与配套;④城市化和乡村建设规划是一项系统工程,受多种因素制约,需要处理好城镇和农村、农业与非农业、政府与居民等各方面的关系.     

新农村建设1∶2000航测成图成果分析

结合福建省测绘局提出＂千乡万村用图工程＂的需要及现有资料的实际情况,通过对试点区1∶2000新农建设用图的作业流程、生产工艺和最终测绘成果进行分析,讨论该项目所采用技术方案的可行性。     

专业服务导向的测量学实践教学改革探讨

从专业服务的角度分析了测量学与资源环境与城乡规划管理专业毕业生专业服务需求的关联性,提出该专业测量学课程的实践教学应围绕测量学为该专业提供信息与技术服务的特点实施改革,着重探讨了测量学实践教学改革的相关内容。     

新农村建设1∶2000航测成图成果分析

结合福建省测绘局提出"千乡万村用图工程"的需要及现有资料的实际情况,通过对试点区1∶2000新农建设用图的作业流程、生产工艺和最终测绘成果进行分析,讨论该项目所采用技术方案的可行性。     

Socio-hydrological modelling of flood-risk dynamics: comparing the resilience of green and technological systems

This work aims to provide a dynamic assessment of flood risk and community resilience by explicitly accounting for variable human behaviour, e.g. risk-taking and awareness-raising attitudes. We consider two different types of socio-hydrological systems: green systems, whereby societies deal with risk only via non-structural measures, and technological systems, whereby risk is dealt with also by structural measures, such as levees. A stylized model of human–flood interactions is first compared to real-world data collected at two test sites (People’s Republic of Bangladesh and the city of Rome, Italy) and then used to explore plausible trajectories of flood risk. The results show that flood risk in technological systems tends to be significantly lower than in green systems. However, technological systems may undergo catastrophic events, which lead to much higher losses. Furthermore, green systems prove to be more resilient than technological ones, which makes them more capable of withstanding environmental and social changes.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR not assigned     

Local economic linkages to community‐based tourism in rural Costa Rica

This paper reports on the contribution of tourism to the wellbeing of rural residents through the development of economic linkages engaged by community‐based tourism (CBT) in rural Costa Rica. In a qualitative case study of local economic linkages surrounding one such project in Chira Island, economic linkages were assessed at two levels: discourse and practice. The findings indicate that CBT does not involve the collective property of the community, but rather, the collective property of a group of community members organized in a formal association. As a result, a discourse on local economic linkages has been promoted by CBT support organizations in which hopes of wider benefits are placed on small linkages to services and products provided by local community members. However, a field survey suggested that the economic linkages generated by CBT in the community were sporadic and polyvalent and, furthermore, that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by scale and seasonality, resulting in leakages out of the community. These findings caution practitioners that CBT may only have small‐scale positive impacts on the local economy.