小灌区农田土壤水分析

对山西省小灌区农田土壤水分在时空分布及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:大气降水、农田灌溉、作物蒸腾和田间土壤蒸发是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素.农田土壤水分分布随着作物的种类而变化.     

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)研究进展

森林地下碳分配(TBCA)是森林碳循环的重要通量,对森林碳吸存有十分重要作用.TBCA是森林生态系统GPP中一个最大的汇,可占GPP的21%～61%,土壤呼吸的2/3来自TBCA.目前国际上常用的TBCA测定方法为碳平衡法,在假定地下碳库处于稳定状态时,TB-CA可由土壤呼吸减去凋落物量获得,但该方法存在一系列问题.影响森林TBCA的因素有生产力、森林类型、树龄和森林演替阶段、土壤养分和水分有效性、林分密度和树种组成、气候变化因素等.TBCA中各个组成部分均较难以测定和量化,通常假定TBCA中根系呼吸与根系生产力各约占50%,而TBCA中菌根菌和根系分泌物的贡献则仍不清楚.有关TBCA各组分去向及影响机理的研究亦很少.TBCA未来的研究应致力于揭示TBCA的根本驱动因子和其对全球变化的响应机理,以及TBCA转化为土壤新碳的效率及控制因素;同时应提高TBCA测定方法的确定性,特别是应将碳同位素法、微根管法及碳平衡法三者相结合.     

Impact of root architecture on the erosion‐reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow

Many studies focus on the effects of vegetation cover on water erosion rates, whereas little attention has been paid to the effects of the below ground biomass. Recent research indicates that roots can reduce concentrated flow erosion rates significantly. In order to predict this root effect more accurately, this experimental study aims at gaining more insight into the importance of root architecture, soil and flow characteristics to the erosion‐reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow. Treatments were (1) bare, (2) grass (representing a fine‐branched root system), (3) carrots (representing a tap root system) and (4) carrots and fine‐branched weeds (representing both tap and fine‐branched roots). The soil types tested were a sandy loam and a silt loam. For each treatment, root density, root length density and mean root diameter (D) were assessed. Relative soil detachment rates and mean bottom flow shear stress were calculated. The results indicate that tap roots reduce the erosion rates to a lesser extent compared with fine‐branched roots. Different relationships linking relative soil detachment rate with root density could be established for different root diameter classes. Carrots with very fine roots (D < 5 mm) show a similar negative exponential relationship between root density and relative soil detachment rate to grass roots. With increasing root diameter (5 < D < 15 mm) the erosion‐reducing effect of carrot type roots becomes less pronounced. Additionally, an equation estimating the erosion‐reducing potential of root systems containing both tap roots and fine‐branched roots could be established. Moreover, the erosion‐reducing potential of grass roots is less pronounced for a sandy loam soil compared with a silt loam soil and a larger erosion‐reducing potential for both grass and carrot roots was found for initially wet soils. For carrots grown on a sandy loam soil, the erosion‐reducing effect of roots decreases with increasing flow shear stress. For grasses, grown on both soil types, no significant differences could be found according to flow shear stress. The erosion‐reducing effect of roots during concentrated flow is much more pronounced than suggested in previous studies dealing with interrill and rill erosion. Root density and root diameter explain the observed erosion rates during concentrated flow well for the different soil types tested. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木灌区近40年来气候变化特征

根据塔里木灌区阿拉尔气象站1961年1月－1999年12月的气温及降水资料，分析了塔里木灌区近40年的气候变化，得出近40年来塔里木灌区降水量呈上升趋势（4．60mm/10年），秋季降水量却呈下降趋势（－3．45mm／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（0．065℃／10年），冬季变暖的趋势（0．849℃／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（－0．171℃／10年）；年极端低温的上升趋势（0．569℃／10年）大于年极端高温的下降趋势（－0．095℃／10年）。可以70年代末为界将近40年塔里木塔区气候分为冷、暖两个阶段，前为冷期，后为暖期。     

节水灌溉与农业面源污染控制研究--以新疆焉耆盆地为例

针对我国北方农业面源污染面积大、分布广、控制难的问题，通过分析新疆焉耆盆地水资源利用现状、潜水位动态、农田排水特征，认为大水漫灌不仅浪费水资源，造成肥料流失，降低产量，而且污染水体，导致土壤次生盐渍化；提出了推广节水灌溉、合理开发利用水资源、控制农业面源污染、综合治理环境的有效途径。     

北疆棉区棉花膜下滴灌蒸散规律研究

通过对膜下灌溉技术下蒸散观测数据的分析，初步确定了棉花在整个生育期的蒸散量为500-600mm。在此基础上，分析了膜下灌溉技术对棉花产质量的影响。     

不同灌溉对阜康地区冬小麦产量及土壤水分动态变化的影响

根据阜康生态试验站试验小区1999－2000年冬小麦不同灌溉量控制试验，验证了冬小麦水分敏感期为拔节－灌浆期，探讨了该区冬小麦产量与灌水量之间的关系。提出了阜康地区冬小麦返青水应采用“小水”灌溉的方式。同时通过对小区冬小麦成熟期灌水过程不同深度土壤水分含量的动态观测分析，提出冬小麦在成熟期对灌溉水分的消耗利用集中在0－30cm土壤层内的观点。     

Stochastic sketching of infiltration-advance isochrones

A technique has been developed for predicting the irregular advance pattern often observed as water spreads on the surface of the ground. The technique is a combination of stochastic sketching, potential theory, probability theory, and a mass balance equation in the form of an advance equation. The technique can be used on flat as well as sloping terrain and addresses any form of obstructions or constraints to the flow of the water. The stochastic sketching portion of the technique uses cellular automata with transition probability movement rules to sketch the dynamics of small volume water elements in the defined environment. Randomly selected small volume flow path segments are computed and plotted. The envelope of these segments defines the wetted area and the advance front. Several examples are presented showing the patterns produced for various situations.     

河套灌区井渠联合运用优化灌溉模型

针对河套灌区的地面水与地下水联合运用问题,提出了井渠结合优化灌溉模型,以最佳种植模式和最优工程运行策略,达到控制地下水位、防治土壤盐碱化、获得农作物稳产高产的目的.模型有调蓄地面水源、土壤贮水层、地下含水层的能力.优化计算成果与266.7hm2试验示范区的实际运行结果相吻合,节水、节能、增产及控制地下水位、改良盐碱地等效果十分显著,这对发展节水型灌溉农业具有重要的现实意义.     

新疆渭干河灌区水文地质条件变化及排水措施探讨

渭干河灌区的水土环境及水文地质条件在克孜尔水库建成后发生了一定的变化,本文结合灌区12年来的水盐监测资料,对灌区地下水的埋深变化规律、水质演变趋势、灌区的排水效果及目前存在的问题进行了分析与探讨,并为今后灌区排水措施和保持水土环境的良性发展提出了建议.