储层结构控制下的开发响应特征初探--以双河油田为例

储层结构体现在层次性和拼合性2个方面.双河油田含油层段在地质层次上划分为10级:地层段、油层组、小层、单层、单砂体、成因砂体、成因增量、层系组、层系和纹层,体现了各级次的地质作用.拼合性体现为储层由不同的要素相互镶嵌叠置而成,其中较重要的是结构要素的规模及其空间匹配.基于储层的这种层次性和拼合性,形成了相应的储层剖面和平面预测模型,在区内划分出4类剖面模型样式和6类平面模型样式.不同的模型样式体现了不同的内部结构特征,而这种结构特征影响注水开发过程中的流体流动,进而形成不同的剩余油气分布样式.     

Deep seismic reflection profiling in the Archaean northeastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for crustal architecture and mineral potential

Deep seismic reflection data across the Archaean Eastern Goldfields Province, northeastern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have provided information on its crustal architecture and on several of its highly mineralised belts. The seismic reflection data allow interpretation of several prominent crustal scale features, including an eastward thickening of the crust, subdivision of the crust into three broad layers, the presence of a prominent east dip to the majority of the reflections and the interpretation of three east-dipping crustal-penetrating shear zones. These east-dipping shear zones are major structures that subdivide the region into four terranes. Major orogenic gold deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province are spatially associated with these major structures. The Laverton Tectonic Zone, for example, is a highly mineralised corridor that contains several world-class gold deposits plus many smaller deposits. Other non crustal-penetrating structures within the area do not appear to be as well endowed metallogenically as the Laverton structure. The seismic reflection data have also imaged a series of low-angle shear zones within and beneath the granite–greenstone terranes. Where the low-angle shear zones intersect the major crustal-penetrating structures, a wedge shaped geometry is formed. This geometry forms a suitable fluid focusing wedge in which upward to subhorizontal moving fluids are focused and then distributed into the nearby complexly deformed greenstones.     

四川彭县推覆构造的特征与形成

本文对前龙门山区彭县推覆构造进行了详细研究,在推覆体内部划分出若干不同的构造带,强烈压缩变形的白水河断裂带为其“根带”。它们主要是旱第三纪末的陆内俯冲挤压导致的褶皱-逆冲作用以及随后的重力滑动作用形成的。推覆体在滑移过程中发生变形,并对原地岩系的构造进行改造。     

水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例

通过对水稻籽实（大米）及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究表明：酸性水稻土壤区域,根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．971,说明大米中镉积累与土壤环境中镉含量密切相关。碱性水稻土壤区域,水稻根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．265,大米中镉含量较低,碱性土壤中镉不易活化而原地淀积,则根系土壤中镉对大米中镉的富集贡献小。水稻根系土壤中有机质（Org）与镉相关系数为0．59,也较为显著。土壤中有机质对重金属元素镉具正吸附作用,有机质含量越高,重金属元素镉呈难吝硫化物而原地淀积。     

阵发性洪水条件下辫状河型冲积扇构型研究:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

白杨河冲积扇是由阵发性洪水期的碎屑流沉积物与间洪期辫状河沉积物组成的复合型冲积扇,其构型与碎屑流扇的构型和河流型扇的构型有很大的不同。本研究选取准噶尔盆地西北缘干旱气候下发育的现代白杨河冲积扇作为解剖实例,对103个天然剖面和9个人工大型探槽进行了详细测量,在沉积微相及不同级别的沉积构型的观测和分析的基础上,分析了阵发性洪水条件下间歇性辫状河型冲积扇体的地貌单元的演化过程和沉积构型特征,研究不同流态的阵发性洪水条件下各种建造和改造机制,明确受阵发性洪水控制的间歇性辫状河型冲积扇的沉积特征,建立了其沉积构型模式。认为: 在洪水期,阵发性洪流(碎屑流)形成席状化的片流(或片洪)沉积,在洪退期,随着洪水强度的减弱,又转变为辫流沉积,而在间洪期,仍有持续的辫状流体(牵引流)在限制性的水道中流动,并对洪水期的碎屑流沉积物进行改造,形成了限制性的(条带状的)辫状河道沉积,2个时期的沉积物在时空上频繁叠置,形成了一种更加复杂的沉积构型。该模式对油田地下冲积扇砂砾储集层的成因识别、预测及对比具有一定的参考价值。     

Modelling increased soil cohesion due to roots with EUROSEM

As organic root exudates cause soil particles to adhere firmly to root surfaces, roots significantly increase soil strength and therefore also increase the resistance of the topsoil to erosion by concentrated flow. This paper aims at contributing to a better prediction of the root effects on soil erosion rates in the EUROSEM model, as the input values accounting for roots, presented in the user manual, do not account for differences in root density or root architecture. Recent research indicates that small changes in root density or differences in root architecture considerably influence soil erosion rates during concentrated flow. The approach for incorporating the root effects into this model is based on a comparison of measured soil detachment rates for bare and for root‐permeated topsoil samples with predicted erosion rates under the same flow conditions using the erosion equation of EUROSEM. Through backwards calculation, transport capacity efficiencies and corresponding soil cohesion values can be assessed for bare and root‐permeated topsoils respectively. The results are promising and present soil cohesion values that are in accordance with reported values in the literature for the same soil type (silt loam). The results show that grass roots provide a larger increase in soil cohesion as compared with tap‐rooted species and that the increase in soil cohesion is not significantly different under wet and dry soil conditions, either for fibrous root systems or for tap root systems. Power and exponential relationships are established between measured root density values and the corresponding calculated soil cohesion values, reflecting the effects of roots on the resistance of the topsoil to concentrated flow incision. These relationships enable one to incorporate the root effect into the soil erosion model EUROSEM, through adapting the soil cohesion input value. A scenario analysis shows that the contribution of roots to soil cohesion is very important for preventing soil loss and reducing runoff volume. The increase in soil shear strength due to the binding effect of roots on soil particles is two orders of magnitude lower as compared with soil reinforcement achieved when roots mobilize their tensile strength during soil shearing and root breakage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演产品的质量评估

利用MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计和L波段探空资料,采用了平均误差、相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,评估了微波辐射计和L波段探空在降水和无降水时温度、相对湿度、水汽密度的差异,了解地基微波辐射计的性能。研究结果表明:(1)微波辐射计和探空探测温度、相对湿度和水汽密度为显著性的线性相关,两者相对湿度相关性不如温度和水汽密度高,且离散度较大。(2)无降水时,相对湿度和水汽密度平均误差小,有降水时,温度和相对湿度的均方根误差大;在低层时,无降水时温度平均误差小,水汽密度的均方根误差大,中高层时,有降水时温度平均误差小,水汽密度均方根误差大。(3)温度和水汽密度为显著性正相关;相对湿度在有降水时表现为0~2km的显著性正相关和9.25~10km的显著性负相关,无降水时表现为0~8km的显著性正相关。总体来看,微波辐射计能弥补探空时空不足的问题,相对湿度的可信度需要进一步提高,降水对微波辐射计影响较大。     

MICAPS预报业务平台现状与发展

文章介绍了气象信息综合分析处理系统(MICAPS)系统开发的过程和MICAPS未来发展计划,重点介绍了MICAPS第三版开发的基本情况、系统构架和系统中使用的关键技术和算法。MICAPS第三版采用开放式构架,基本框架负责系统主界面、地图投影、图层控制等基本功能,各种功能模块通过扩展功能模块实现,对系统二次开发提供最大限度的支持。MICAPS第三版实现了MICAPS定义的各类数据,如地面观测、高空观测、离散点数据、标量和矢量格点场、城市预报台风路径、地理信息等的显示,并增加了雷达主要PUP产品、雷达基数据、卫星GPF数据、卫星AWX格式数据、GPS水汽、闪电定位、AMDAR资料、风廓线数据等资料的显示,增强了网络资料检索、菜单资料检索、综合图检索等数据检索能力,增加雨量累加、会商支持、历史资料检索应用等实用功能。     

Thirteen plus one: a comparison of global climate policy architectures

We critically review the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change. We employ six criteria to evaluate the policy proposals: environmental outcome, dynamic efficiency, cost-effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance. The Kyoto Protocol does not fare well on a number of criteria, but none of the alternative proposals fare well along all six dimensions. We identify several major themes among the alternative proposals: Kyoto is “too little, too fast”; developing countries (DCs) should play a more substantial role and receive incentives to participate; implementation should focus on market-based approaches, especially those with price mechanisms; and participation and compliance incentives are inadequately addressed by most proposals. Our investigation reveals tensions among several of the evaluative criteria, such as between environmental outcome and efficiency, and between cost-effectiveness and incentives for participation and compliance.     

三维变分系统在我国夏季降雨预测中的应用试验

采用MM5模式及其三维变分系统(MM5/3DVAR)对我国夏季降雨进行了一个月的连续预测试验,并对试验结果进行评估.试验中首先采用"National Meteorological Center(NMC)"方法,将2005年8月的MM5模式的预测结果形成与试验区域和水平分辨率相匹配的背景误差场,并将其与全球背景误差场进行了对比分析,结果表明,采用2005年8月MM5模式预报结果生成的背景误差场的基本特征与系统提供的全球背景误差场相似,且长度尺度随着水平分辨率的提高而减小.之后,分别利用NCEP再分析资料(NCEP试验)、NCEP再分析资料基础上采用CRESSMAN方法分析观测资料(LITT试验)和NCEP再分析资料基础上采用3DVAR系统同化观测资料(3DVAR试验)形成模式预报初始场,再次对2005年8月降雨进行逐日连续预报.逐日降雨预报结果表明,相对NCEP试验,LITT试验中1 和10 mm的预报评分有明显提高,但 25 和 50 mm的预报评分却有所下降,而3DVAR试验的预报评分在10 mm以上均有明显提高.对于降雨期间的形势场预报,3个试验中,除温度场和湿度场外,其他变量场的均方根误差随高度增加而增加,但相比而言,3DVAR试验的均方根误差小于其他2个试验.3DVAR试验对降雨的明显改进,可能是因为其对与背景场信息差别比较大的反应中尺度系统的观测资料的分析结果比较靠近观测资料.