三峡库区水蚀荒漠化遥感调查与监测

利用遥感技术对三峡库区内水蚀荒漠化进行了监测。通过对2003年三峡库区蓄水前和2009年蓄水至175 m后两期航空遥感正射影像的解译,提取出了工作区水蚀荒漠化信息,总结出期间三峡库区蓄水后水蚀荒漠化的变化情况。监测结果表明,三峡库区蓄水至175 m后,区内水蚀荒漠化整体上呈现明显改善的趋势。不同程度的水蚀荒漠化土地面积都在减少,其中,中度水蚀荒漠化土地面积减少最多,从改善程度来看,以轻度水蚀荒漠化的改善程度最高。     

采用高分辨率TM遥感数据对草原沙化治理工程进行生态效益评价

摘要本文以高分辨率TM遥感数据为基础,对位于浑善达克沙地境内的草原沙化治理工程采用遥感影像处理与定量分析和模拟相结合的方法,建立了草原沙化治工程生态效益快速评价体系。     

Pycnogonida of the snares islands∗

Eight species of Pycnogonida collected by University of Canterbury Expeditions and the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute are recorded from the Snares Islands, which lie at 48° 05’ S, 166° 20’ E, 60 miles SW of South Cape, Stewart Island. The following species are recorded: Pallenopsis obliqua (Thomson, 1884), Cheilopallene trappa n.sp., Ammothea magniceps Thomson, 1884, Achelia dohrni (Thomson, 1884), Tanystylum cavidorsum Stock, 1957, Ascorhynchus insularum n.sp., Austrodecus minutum n.sp. and Austrodecus enzoi n.sp.     

气候变化对浑善达克沙地沙漠化影响的评估

利用近43年气象观测资料,分析得出浑善达克沙地气温在逐年升高,而降水量、蒸发量、平均风速、大风日数、沙尘暴日数总体呈逐年减少态势。其中温度升高、降水减少和极端气候事件的增多加剧了浑善达克沙地沙漠化的发展;平均风速逐年减少对该地区沙漠化治理有利。但进入本世纪以后,蒸发量、大风日数和沙尘暴日数有增加趋势,同时通过1976、1987和2002年的遥感卫星监测结果验证:流动沙地面积不断增加,进一步表明浑善达克沙地的沙漠化局部正在扩展,这与该地区气候的变化有关。     

岩溶石漠化遥感信息增强技术探讨

岩溶石漠化是存在于中国西南及南方岩溶地区严重的脆弱生态地质问题,利用遥感技术的优势,可以准确、快速、经济地获取岩溶石漠化的现状、分布规律等结果数据,为石漠化的监测、石漠化的演变分析及后续治理提供科学依据。但在遥感调查与监测工作中,如何增强石漠化信息,方便后续的信息提取工作,已成为研究的热点与难点问题。影响岩溶石漠化的发育的因素众多,其评价指标一般考虑岩石裸露程度及其结构、植被结构等。在岩溶石漠化遥感信息增强工作中,很难直接获取岩石的裸露信息。野外调查发现：在热带亚热带岩溶地区,岩石的裸露程度与植被覆盖程度呈负相关关系,岩石的裸露程度越高,植被覆盖程度越低,岩溶石漠化越发育;据此可以利用植被覆盖情况来获取岩溶石漠化信息。在增强岩溶石漠化信息方面,本文提出了改进增强型植被指数模型（GEVI）,并与现有的常用植被指数模型对比试验发现,具有较好的应用效果。     

贵州省喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性研究

贵州省喀斯特山区生态脆弱 ,主要表现为敏感度高、环境容量低、抗干扰能力弱和稳定性差。地球内动力机制奠定了其脆弱的生态环境背景 ,如地貌类型复杂、碳酸盐岩广泛分布、山高坡陡、土层薄而不连续等。季风活动和人口压力是喀斯特生态系统扰动的外动力机制 ,大气环流决定了贵州省阴湿多雨的气候特点 ,为岩溶发育提供了重要的侵蚀营力 ;社会经济压力超过了其生态系统的承载力 ,加剧了生态环境的恶化。     

近40年坝上后山地区沙漠化因子主分量的耦合波动

利用EOF (经验正交函数 )方法对河北坝上和内蒙古后山地区近 4 0年降水、年风速、大风日数、气候因子、牲畜头数和气候产量等 6个沙漠化波动因子主分量进行了计算 ,表明沙漠化诸因子尽管受降水的影响有同步波动的一面 ,但又可分解为风、畜、水三个相对独立变化的系列。由此将年大风日数、气候因子、牲畜头数和气候产量确定为影响沙漠化的主要波动因子 ,并以生物学年度将其按牧区和农牧交错区两类进行等权重耦合。结果表明 ,近 4 0年全区沙漠化因子主分量的耦合度经 3年滑动平均后 ,在 2 5 %～ 10 0 %间变化 ,196 5年至今一直维持在 75 %上下波动 ,196 7～ 1977年为耦合度最高的阶段。 80年代中期多雨段沙漠化的持续蔓延 ,充分证明了人类不合理活动在坝上后山地区沙漠化发展中的主导作用。     

中国全球变化与陆地生态系统关系研究

预测陆地生态系统对大气和气候的反馈作用及在更微观的尺度上预测全球变化对自然和农业生态系统的结构和功能的效应是国际地圈－生物圈计划（ＩＧＢＰ）的核心项目“全球变化与陆地生态系统”（ＧＣＴＥ）的重要研究目标。中国科学家自１９８５年正式立项开展全球变化研究以来，全面加入了国际全球变化的研究，取得了巨大成果。文章就近年来中国在全球变化与陆地生态系统关系研究方面取得的新进展作了评述，并指出未来中国进行全球变化与陆地生态系统关系研究时拟注重各计划间的交叉及应加强研究的领域     

Columbia Mountain landslide: late-glacial emplacement and indications of future failure, Northwestern Montana, USA

The well preserved and undissected Columbia Mountain landslide, which is undergoing suburban development, was studied to estimate the timing and processes of emplacement. The landslide moved westward from a bedrock interfluve of the northern Swan Range in Montana, USA onto the deglaciated floor of the Flathead Valley. The landslide covers an area of about 2 km², has a toe-to-crown height of 1100 m, a total length of 3430 m, a thickness of between 3 and 75 m, and an approximate volume of 40 million m³. Deposits and landforms define three portions of the landslide; from the toe to the head they are: (i) clast-rich diamictons made up of gravel-sized angular rock fragments with arcuate transverse ridges at the surface; (ii) silty and sandy deposits resting on diamictons in an internally drained depression behind the ridges; and (iii) diamictons containing angular and subangular pebble-to block-sized clasts (some of which are glacially striated) in an area of lumpy topography between the depression and the head of the landslide. Drilling data suggest the diamictons cover block-to-slab-sized bedrock clasts that resulted from an initial stage of the failure.The landslide moved along a surface that developed at a high angle to the NE-dipping, thinly bedded metasediments of the Proterozoic Belt Supergroup. The exposed slope of the main scarp dips 30–37°W. A hypothetical initial rotational failure of the lower part of a bedrock interfluve may have transported bedrock clasts into the valley. The morphology and deposits at the surface of the landslide indicate deposition by a rock avalanche (sturzstrom) derived from a second stage of failure along the upper part of the scarp.The toe of the Columbia Mountain landslide is convex-west in planview, except where it was deflected around areas now occupied by glacial kettles on the north and south margins. Landsliding, therefore, occurred during deglaciation of the valley while ice still filled the present-day kettles. Available chronostratigraphy suggests that the ˜1-km thick glacier in the region melted before 12,000 ¹⁴C years BP—within 3000 years of the last glacial maximum. Deglaciation and hillslope failure are likely causally linked. Failure of the faceted interfluve was likely due tensile fracturing of bedrock along a bedding-normal joint set shortly after glacial retreat from the hillslope.Open surficial tension fractures and grabens in the Swan Range are limited to an area above the crown of the landslide. Movement across these features suggests that extensional flow of bedrock (sackung) is occurring in what remains of the ridge that failed in the Columbia Mountain landslide. The fractures and grabens likely were initiated during failure, but their morphologies suggest active extension across some grabens. Continued movement of bedrock above the crown may result in future mass movements from above the previous landslide scarp. Landslides sourced from bedrock above the scarp of the late-glacial Columbia Mountain landslide, which could potentially be triggered by earthquakes, are geologic hazards in the region.     

Development of land desertification in Bashang area in the past 20 years

1 Physiographic characteristics of Bashang area In broad sense, Bashang area refers to the entire Zhangbei, Kangbao and Guyuan counties, northern part of Shangyi, northern parts of Fengning and Weichang counties of Chengde Prefecture, most part of Duolun county, entire Taipusi Banner (Taipusi County), southern part of Zhenglan and Zhengxiangbai banners (counties) and northeast of Huade in Inner Mongolia, altogether 12 counties or banners covering an area of more than 42,000 km2 with a …