坡度因子对喀斯特石漠化的影响

为了探索广西喀斯特石漠化的成因,选取地形因子中的坡度,对研究区遥感影像进行处理和石漠化信息分级,借助GIS技术进行定性、定量分析,结合GPS技术进行实地抽样调查,评价试验精度。结果表明:随坡度的增大,石漠化灾害程度有上升的趋势,但是当坡度25°时,人类活动影响的变小,石漠化的整体发生率有所降低。石漠化主要受到自然因素的影响,但人类对生态的破坏活动会加剧石漠化的进程。     

A unified assessment of marine Mediterranean assemblages: a lesson from benthic hydroids

Hydroids are important components of the communities of rocky bottom shallow coastal areas. The hydrozoan fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is probably one of most investigated in the world, with lots of faunistic and biogeographical studies. However, quantitative studies using the same sampling methodology and controlled sampling effort have been restricted to areas in the Western and Central Mediterranean. We compared hydroid assemblages in four areas of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Gulf of Cádiz to the South Adriatic Sea, following the same sampling and quantification methodology. Our analysis showed the dominant Atlantic character of the assemblages of the Gulf of Cádiz and the South Alboran Sea because of the influence of the inflowing Atlantic waters. Conversely, the hydroid assemblages of the North Alboran Sea were more similar to the assemblages in the Ligurian and in the South Adriatic, and with a number of species ranking between the observed in these two Mediterranean zones. Fourteen species were identified as making the most significant contributions to characterizing the Mediterranean hydroid species pool from a quantitative point of view. These taxa include species previously named as typical components of the Mediterranean hydroid fauna as well as those only recently recorded in the region (Eudendrium moulouyensis) and invaders such as Clytia hummelincki.     

贵州喀斯特地区5种石生藓类的持水性能及吸水特征比较

选择贵州普定石漠化区域常见的石生穗枝赤齿藓( Erythrodontium julaceum )、扭口藓( Barbula unguiculata )、真藓( Bryum argenteum )、美灰藓 (Eurohypnum leptothollum) 和东亚砂藓 (Racomitrium japonicum) 为对象,研究它们的持水性能和吸水特征,为喀斯特生态系统水循环和石漠化治理提供理论依据。结果表明:5种石生苔藓植物的储量在0.71~3.91 t·hm-2之间,以穗枝赤齿藓的3.91 t·hm-2储量最大;东亚砂藓的最大持水率最高,为761.9%,美灰藓的653.8%次之,真藓的551.7%最小;最大持水能力穗枝赤齿藓和美灰藓占据较大的优势,保水率美灰藓38.2%最强,东亚砂藓为33.6%次之,真藓15.2%最弱。5种石生苔藓的吸水过程包括外和内吸水两种途径,其吸水饱和的时间物种间存在差异;吸水动力学曲线均表现为S型饱和曲线,水分在25 g以下时,植物水分吸收速度与水分加入量成正比,当外界水分增加到25 g以上后,植物水分吸收速度逐渐趋于达到最大值。      

基于遥感数据的内蒙古近三十年植被指数的时空分析

利用时间序列分析方法,选取归一化植被覆盖指数为评价指标,对比分析内蒙古地区1982—2012年的荒漠化发展趋势,并对荒漠化问题的原因及解决方法进行了初步探讨。结果表明:植被指数(NDVI)与荒漠化水平有一定的关联,荒漠化程度越高,植被指数越低;从时间变化来看,年内植被指数满足单峰型变化,年均值变化有轻微下降趋势;从空间变化来看,植被指数具有明显的空间分异规律,表现出一定的地域性。通过降水、气温等自然因素以及人为活动等的相关分析,认为植被指数的变化规律与自然及人为活动都有一定的关联性。     

2010—2018年中国北方沙质荒漠化变化分析

荒漠化目前已成为威胁全球生态环境的主要问题。我国北方地区风蚀作用强烈,是土地沙质荒漠化问题最为突出的地区。以沙漠、沙地分布较广的北方6省(区)为研究区,利用遥感技术获取2010—2018年研究区沙质荒漠化演化特征,并将气象、地质等因素进行综合分析,探讨毛乌素沙地、科尔沁沙地沙质荒漠化变化原因。遥感解译结果表明: 2018年北方地区沙质荒漠化土地共35.08万km²,其中重度沙质荒漠化面积11.92万km²,中度沙质荒漠化13.54万km²,轻度沙质荒漠化9.62万km²,主要分布于内蒙古自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区; 2010—2018年,北方地区沙质荒漠化土地面积减少0.73万km²,其中,新疆维吾尔自治区沙质荒漠化面积减少0.48万km²,内蒙古自治区减少0.19万km²,同时有2.78万km²沙质荒漠化土地程度减轻。以毛乌素沙地和科尔沁沙地为典型研究区,对比两沙地生态地质条件差异,总结了沙质荒漠化好转、加重的原因。研究认为,毛乌素沙地应降低人类活动干扰的影响,以自然恢复为主; 科尔沁沙地应加强地下水资源管理,优化植被结构,进一步推进退耕还林、退耕还草工作。研究成果为我国北方沙质荒漠化地区生态保护修复提供了科学参考。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during runoff events over a transition from grassland to shrubland in the south‐western United States

During the last 150 years, land degradation across the semi‐arid grasslands of the south‐western United States has been associated with an increase in runoff and erosion. Concurrent with this increase in runoff and erosion is a loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which are plant‐essential nutrients. This study investigates the runoff‐driven redistribution and loss of dissolved and particulate‐bound N and P that occurs during natural runoff events over a trajectory of degradation, from grassland to degraded shrubland, in central New Mexico. Runoff‐driven nutrient dynamics were monitored at four stages over a transition from grassland to shrubland, for naturally occurring rainfall events over 10 × 30 m bounded runoff plots. Results show that particulate‐bound forms of N and P are responsible for most of N and P lost from the plots due to erosion occurring during runoff events. Results suggest that for high‐magnitude rainfall events, the output of N and P from the plots may greatly exceed the amount input into the plots, particularly over shrub‐dominated plots where erosion rates are higher. As these results only become apparent when monitoring these processes over larger hillslope plots, it is important to recognize that processes of nutrient cycling related to the islands of fertility hypothesis may have previously been overstated when observed only at smaller spatial scales. Thus, the progressive degradation of semi‐arid grassland ecosystems across the south‐western United States and other semi‐arid ecosystems worldwide has the potential to affect N and P cycling significantly through an increase in nutrient redistribution and loss in runoff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marine reserve effects on population density and size structure of commonly and rarely exploited limpets in South Africa

Marine reserves are commonly used to conserve living resources, but their effectiveness where policing is difficult is unclear. We compared monthly population density and size structure data collected over 20 months for two rarely and two commonly exploited intertidal limpets inside and outside reserves in South Africa. Densities were greater inside reserves, but significantly so in very few months. Unexpectedly, no significant reserve effect was detected for the territorial Scutellastra longicosta, shown by surveys to be favoured by harvesters. Reserve effects for the rarely exploited S. granularis probably result from indirect effects of higher barnacle cover in reserves where trampling is reduced, while interviews indicated that Cellana capensis is not targeted but large individuals are sometimes misidentified and hence are harvested outside the reserve. There were few reserve effects on mean or mean maximum size. The results indicate a gradient of exploitation among species and sites. One non-reserve site was more heavily exploited than the other, while one reserve experienced more poaching than the other. The effectiveness of marine reserves thus differed between reserves and among species. Exploited limpets were generally larger and at higher densities in reserves, but these effects were rarely statistically significant, indicating that reserve effects are weak compared to natural variability, probably reflecting ineffective policing.     

统万城筑城的环境背景——河流、 湖泊及沙漠化程度

 统万城筑城环境背景是认识毛乌素沙地北魏时期环境的关键所在。基于野外观察,结合历史文献、考古发现和已有研究成果对此问题进行了深入分析,其中建城时周边的水环境和沙漠化程度是研究的重点。研究结果表明,统万城建城时水环境远好于现在,在统万城东北和西北存在多个湖泊,但单个湖泊面积不大。建城时有可能从西北查干圪台处的湖泊引水至统万城附近,并在沿途人工挖掘形成季节性的小湖。根据现今沙漠化程度划分标准,建城时周边的沙漠化程度属于轻度,局部为中度。本研究提供了认识统万城建城环境的新途径,在明确毛乌素沙地历史环境变化机制中有重要意义。     

三峡库区水蚀荒漠化遥感调查与监测

利用遥感技术对三峡库区内水蚀荒漠化进行了监测。通过对2003年三峡库区蓄水前和2009年蓄水至175 m后两期航空遥感正射影像的解译,提取出了工作区水蚀荒漠化信息,总结出期间三峡库区蓄水后水蚀荒漠化的变化情况。监测结果表明,三峡库区蓄水至175 m后,区内水蚀荒漠化整体上呈现明显改善的趋势。不同程度的水蚀荒漠化土地面积都在减少,其中,中度水蚀荒漠化土地面积减少最多,从改善程度来看,以轻度水蚀荒漠化的改善程度最高。     

采用高分辨率TM遥感数据对草原沙化治理工程进行生态效益评价

摘要本文以高分辨率TM遥感数据为基础,对位于浑善达克沙地境内的草原沙化治理工程采用遥感影像处理与定量分析和模拟相结合的方法,建立了草原沙化治工程生态效益快速评价体系。