毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化评价的指标体系

毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化的主要原因是开垦、过度放牧、樵柴和挖药材等,沙地草场荒漠化过程分为4个阶段,即轻度退化、中度退化、严重退化和极严重退化。应用植物被分类、排序和梯度分析等技术研究了沙地草场荒漠化过程。轻度退化阶段以臭柏、麻黄等中旱生灌木为主;中度退化以油蒿、柠条等为主;严重退化以籽蒿、羊柴等为主;极严重退化以沙米、牛心朴子等为主。随着退化的发展,地表覆沙厚度逐渐增大,土壤中各种营养成分大幅度下降,土壤机械组成粗化,由沙壤土向沙土发展,沿退化梯度群落种多样性呈现单峰曲线变化。在此基础上提出沙地草场在群落水平上的荒漠化评价指标体系。     

不同光照条件下石灰岩表面蓝藻生物岩溶侵蚀能力与生理活性研究

野外和室内监测试验结果初步表明,不同光照环境下石生蓝藻的生理学特性有明显差异。阴生生境下生长的石生蓝藻,其生理活性,包括光合放氧速率,叶绿体光化学活性,尤其是影响生物岩溶过程的关键酶--碳酸酐酶(CA)的活性明显高于阳生环境下生长的同类,最终导致阴生生境下生长的蓝藻对石灰岩溶蚀的速率也明显快于阳生生境下的蓝藻。     

10世纪末西辽河流域沙漠化的突进及其原因

西辽河流域在辽代早期和辽代之前,是自然环境较好的"辽泽",其自然景观为面积广大的平沙地,其上生长乔木、灌木和草本,为疏林草原,还有较大面积的下湿地和较多湖泊,没有出现流动沙丘。在11世纪期间的文献中,记载了西辽河流域有明显的沙漠化表现。10世纪末西辽河流域环境可能出现突变,是历史时期西辽河流域沙漠化的开始时间。沙漠化的原因,主要为自然原因,即气候变化。     

不同强度等级石漠化土地植被恢复技术初步研究——以贵州花江试验示范区查尔岩试验小区为例

分析了贵州花江试验示范区查尔岩试验小区中不同强度等级石漠化土地所表现出的缺土、缺水、植被覆盖度低、土地总体生产力水平低下等特征,提出了不同强度等级石漠化土地的植被恢复途径与对策,以及不同强度石漠化土地植被恢复过程中的主要造林植草技术。      

第四纪环境演变与中国北方的荒漠化

从第四纪环境演变的观点出发，研究中国北方荒漠化的正逆演变过程。在末次冰期板盛期(18—15kaB．P．)，气候恶劣、干冷，沙漠、黄土面积扩大。全新世(11kaB．P．)以来气候开始转暖，9—5kaB．P．为全新世的高温、高湿期，温带森林植被几乎取代了北方地区的干旱荒漠和干旱半干旱草原，在沙层和黄土地层中发育了多层古土壤。中全新世(5—2．5kaB．P．)以来气候向干冷方向转变，但仍有古土壤发育，自然和人文因素促使荒漠化的正逆演化。晚全新世(2．5kaB．P．-)气候向干冷方向转变，直到20世纪下半叶全球变暖，加速了全球性荒漠化的发展。指出荒漠化问题的复杂性，对荒漠化的概念进行了讨论，并将我国主要的荒漠化分为4大类型，即风蚀荒漠化、水蚀荒漠化、盐碱荒漠化与石漠化，还划分了10个亚类。提出了有关的结论和研究荒漠化的建议。     

沙尘暴多发区土地风蚀荒漠化诊断评价方法

利用卫星遥感技术,结合地面观测,确定植被盖度、裸地占地率和土壤质地3项因子为沙尘暴多发区风蚀荒漠化土地现状程度评价指标,并给出程度评价模型;在此基础上,考虑到非荒漠化土地及各程度荒漠化土地在面积上的组成比例,给出区域性土地风蚀荒漠化总体水平评价模型;并通过对内蒙古赤峰市及阿拉善盟两地区的土地风蚀荒漠化总体水平评价验证,证明此模型可作为沙尘暴多发区任意大小区域土地风蚀荒漠化水平评价方法。     

Methodological framework to select plant species for controlling rill and gully erosion: application to a Mediterranean ecosystem

Many studies attribute the effects of vegetation in reducing soil erosion rates to the effects of the above‐ground biomass. The effects of roots on topsoil resistance against concentrated flow erosion are much less studied. However, in a Mediterranean context, where the above‐ground biomass can temporarily disappear because of fire, drought or overgrazing, and when concentrated flow erosion occurs, roots can play an important role in controlling soil erosion rates. Unfortunately, information on Mediterranean plant characteristics, especially root characteristics, growing on semi‐natural lands, and knowledge of their suitability for gully erosion control is often lacking. A methodological framework to evaluate plant traits for this purpose is absent as well. This paper presents a methodology to assess the suitability of plants for rill and gully erosion control and its application to 25 plant species, representative for a semi‐arid Mediterranean landscape in southeast Spain. In this analysis determination of suitable plants for controlling concentrated flow erosion is based on a multi‐criteria analysis. First, four main criteria were determined, i.e. (1) the potential of plants to prevent incision by concentrated flow erosion, (2) the potential of plants to improve slope stability, (3) the resistance of plants to bending by water flow and (4) the ability of plants to trap sediments and organic debris. Then, an indicator or a combination of two indicators was used to assess the scores for the four criteria. In total, five indicators were selected, i.e. additional root cohesion, plant stiffness, stem density, the erosion‐reducing potential during concentrated flow and the sediment and organic debris obstruction potential. Both above‐ and below‐ground plant traits were taken into account and measured to assess the scores for the five indicators, i.e. stem density, sediment and organic debris obstruction potential, modulus of elasticity of the stems, moment of inertia of the stems, root density, root diameter distribution, root area ratio and root tensile strength. The scores for the indicators were represented on amoeba diagrams, indicating the beneficial and the weak plant traits, regarding to erosion control. The grasses Stipa tenacissima L. and Lygeum spartum L. and the shrub Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. amongst others, were selected as very suitable plant species for rill and gully erosion control. Stipa tenacissima can be used to re‐vegetate abandoned terraces as this species is adapted to drought and offers a good protection to concentrated flow erosion and shallow mass movements. Lygeum spartum can be used to vegetate concentrated flow zones or to obstruct sediment inflow to channels at gully outlets. Stipa tenacissima and Salsola genistoides can be used to stabilize steep south‐facing slopes. The methodology developed in this study can be applied to other plant species in areas suffering from rill and gully erosion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究

为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明:土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

遥感石漠化信息的提取

石漠化信息提取是多种信息综合分析、反馈的过程。通过分析当前石漠化分级体系,对比喀斯特地区与石漠化范围、土地利用与石漠化关系,并结合当前石漠化信息提取关键技术研究认为:目前的石漠化分级体系在划分级别、分级指标、分级区域等方面存在巨大差异,将尺度划分引入石漠化等级体系是统一石漠化等级划分差异的有力途径;充分利用基于内容的特征识别算法进行喀斯区的圈定可以有效提高石漠化信息提取精度;利用已有的土地利用矢量数据,通过合理转换进行石漠化信息提取是重要研究思路;传统的建立石漠化解译标志、改进植被指数模型以及建立波谱关系模型等石漠化信息提取方法无法很好融合石漠化综合指征,提出基于遥感的石漠化综合指标度进行石漠化信息的提取方法。     

基于MODIS数据的羌塘国家自然保护区荒漠化遥感反演与评价

基于MODIS数据采用因子分析法,选取MSAVI、NDVI、LST、TVDI四个指标反演羌塘国家自然保护区荒漠化动态变化过程,并进行分级评价.结果表明:①近十年间保护区荒漠化面积总体呈增加趋势,中度和极重度荒漠化面积呈减小趋势,轻度、重度荒漠化面积呈增加趋势;②若拉核心区、缓冲区东部无明显荒漠化现象,实验区与缓冲区西部荒漠化较为严重,美马错核心区、玛依核心区、缓冲区中部荒漠化程度较轻.