松嫩平原环境演变与土地盐碱化、荒漠化的成因分析

松嫩平原是我国最大的平原之一,百年前还是一个水草丰盛的大草原,自20世纪下半叶以来,盐碱化十分严重,盐碱荒漠化发展迅速,许多地区经20～30年就变成了不毛之地。以往的研究很少涉及地质历史背景,然而,这是一个极为重要的因素。文章以地质历史的演变为基础,从气候因素、人文因素和全球变化等多种因素对松嫩平原苏打盐分的来源、分布与富集规律及盐碱化、荒漠化的形成原因开展综合研究。应用TM卫星遥感数据、3S技术及环境模拟技术对土地盐碱化、荒漠化的分布、扩展进行量化研究,并首次进行了松嫩平原的盐碱荒漠化评价,揭示了该区生态环境恶化的严重性。从而为振兴东北提供了重要的环境信息,为松嫩平原生态环境保护、治理和土地资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

An exceptional rocky shore preserved during Oligocene (Late Rupelian) transgression in the Upper Rhine Graben (Mainz Basin,Germany)

The Early Oligocene (Late Rupelian) Alzey Formation (Mainz Basin, Upper Rhine Graben, Germany) records the development of a rocky coast depositional system during transgression. The formation unconformably overlies Permian bedrock across a composite transgressive ravinement surface. Exposure of the surface shows a succession of subplanar bedrock terraces, separated by near‐vertical risers. Terraces show a broad staircase geometry and display wave‐erosional features (notches, sea stacks, furrows). Detailed sedimentological and palaeoecological investigations reveal prograding beachface and shoreface depositional units that overlie terraces and are adjacent to risers. Terraces are interpreted as wave‐cut platforms, backed by palaeocliffs. The staircase architecture records the episodic landward migration of palaeoshorelines onto palaeotopographic highs during the Early Oligocene. Stacking patterns of gravelly beach and shoreface associated units (facies tracts) indicate successive episodes of terrace cutting, beach development, drowning and shoreline backstepping during an overall relative sea‐level rise. The exceptional preservation of the stair‐cased rocky shore may be attributed to a highly jerky rising relative sea‐level, as the result of the conjugated effects of rift‐controlled tectonic subsidence and eustatic sea‐level oscillations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progresses and Prospects of the Research on Soil Erosion in Karst Area of Southwest China*

The karst area of Southwest China is suffering from serious ecological and environmental problems due to soil erosion while the research on soil erosion is not sufficient. Primary achievement was systematically reviewed in this paper in three aspects: erosion characteristics, current researches about erosion on different spatial scales, and key scientific problems. Based on the review, the authors figured out the shortcomings of the existing studies and pointed out the directions on erosion study in southwest China karst region. The results showed that: ① Due to the existence of a dual structure in karst environment including ground and underground erosion, the process of runoff and sediment production on slope scale and confluence and sediment transportation processes on catchment scale were more complex under the unique geological and hydrological backgrounds; ② At present, most researches about erosion mechanism in karst area focus on slope scale and some achievements on quantitative evaluation of erosion factors have been made. Continuous data with high quality about relationship between water and sediment on catchment scale is limited. When data is scarce, river sediment data can be used as an effective way to study soil erosion intensity and spatial-temporal variation in karst area; ③ It is more reasonable to use 50 t/(km²·a) as the grading standard of soil loss tolerance than the previous grading standard of soil erosion intensity. Given the complex relationship between rocky desertification and soil erosion, more quantitative studies about the effects of rocky desertification on soil erosion are still necessary. There are different viewpoints on soil leakage definitions, leakage mechanism and leakage ratios, and new breakthroughs could be achieved by combining different methods and matching multi-scales. In conclusion, in order to further reveal soil erosion laws and establish and revise available regional soil erosion forecasting models for Southwest China karst areas, synchronous test and monitoring on slope, watershed, and channel spatial scales are urgently needed. The results can provide theoretical and technical support for promoting soil and water conservation work for the karst area of Southwest China.     

Ecosystem-driven karst carbon cycle and carbon sink effects

It is recognized that karst processes are actively involved in the current global carbon cycle based on twenty years research, and the carbon sink occurred in karst processes is possibly an important part of “missing sink” in global carbon cycle. In this paper, an overview is given on karst carbon cycle research, and influence factors, formed carbon pools (background carbon sink) and sink increase potentials of current karst carbon cycle are analyzed. Carbonate weathering could contribute to the imbalance item (B_IM) and land use change item (E_LUC) in the global carbon cycle model, owing to its uptake of both atmospheric CO₂ (carbon sink effect) and CO₂ produced by soil respiration (carbon source reduction effect). Karst carbon sink includes inorganic carbon sink resulted from hydrogeochemical process and organic carbon sink generated by aquatic photosynthetic DIC conversion, forming relatively stable river (reservoir) water body or sediment carbon sink. The sizes of both sinks are controlled by terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems, respectively. Desertification rehabilitation and carbon sequestration by aquatic plants are two effective ways to increase the carbon sink in karst area. It is estimated that the rate of carbon sink is at least 381 000 t CO₂/a with vegetation restoration and afforestation in southwest China karst area, while the annual organic carbon sink generated by aquatic photosynthesis is about 84 200 t C in the Pearl River Basin. The development of a soil CO₂ based model for assessment of regional dissolution intensity will help to improve the estimation accuracy of carbon sink increase and potential, thus provide a more clear and efficient karst sink increase scheme and pathway to achieve the goals of “double carbon”. With the deep investigation on karst carbon cycle, mechanism and carbon sink effect, and the improvement of watershed carbon sink measurement methods and regional sink increase evaluation approaches. Karst carbon sink is expected to be included in the list of atmospheric CO₂ sources/sinks of the global carbon budget in the near future.     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的典型区水蚀荒漠化时空演变特征

借助"3S"技术,以水蚀荒漠化的形成机理为切入点,利用美国侦察卫星和SPOT6卫星获取的高分辨率遥感影像对吉林松原地区近50年来的水蚀荒漠化在不同驱动因子扰动下的时空变化规律进行分析。结果表明:研究区在1969—2015年水蚀荒漠化土地面积呈增长趋势,增加面积为11.09km~2。降水量、坡度及岩性是影响该区水蚀荒漠化土地面积变化的主要驱动因子。     

干旱区绿洲荒漠化演变趋势及成因分析——以吐鲁番绿洲为例

基于吐鲁番绿洲SPOT遥感影像,利用决策树分类,对荒漠化信息进行提取,分析荒漠化演变、发展及转换特点。结果表明:吐鲁番荒漠化土地以风蚀、盐碱为主,且中度风蚀荒漠面积所占的比例最大。由于轻度风蚀荒漠化土地的开垦,荒漠化总面积1986~2004年减少9.77%,但部分轻度风蚀荒漠转化为成为程度更高的中度重度风蚀荒漠,重度风蚀荒漠和盐碱地面积分别扩大2和12倍。研究区荒漠化土地面积出现缩减,但荒漠化程度加深,发展速度加快,对生态环境带来了极大的压力。     

金沙江干热河谷区水环境特性对荒漠化的影响

根据土壤水分特征曲线分析和野外实地观测,金沙江干热河谷区主要立类燥红土的植被盖度与土壤持水性能和土层厚度呈明显正相关性.区内具有季节性的自然荒漠化过程.季节性干旱、土壤储水和稳水性能差是本区荒漠化的根本原因,水土流失是其直接动力,提出了防治水荒的有效举措.     

古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘地区土地沙漠化的成因分析

通过分析该地区近期生态环境变化的5个因素,进一步证明了沙漠化加剧的事实,为当地政府改善生态环境提供了一定的科学依据。     

关于荒漠化研究几个问题的探讨

根据近些年来有关荒漠化研究的成果,对荒漠化的概念及其发展过程进行了总结和探讨;对荒漠化评价问题进行概述和分析,其中包括荒漠化研究进展和荒漠化评价的类型;总结了荒漠化类型的划分;讨论了新疆荒漠化的主要类型及其分布情况。     

柴达木盆地气候变化对荒漠化的影响

利用累积距平等方法对柴达木盆地近46 a(1961~2006年)气温、降水资料进行了分析,探讨了柴达木盆地气候变化对荒漠化的影响。结果显示:柴达木盆地气候变暖趋势明显,土地沙漠化面积扩大、植被退化、覆盖率减少和盐渍化程度加重。气候变暖、多大风、蒸发强是影响该区土地荒漠化的主要自然原因之一。