保护多年冻土路基中存在的问题和对策

Ways of strengthening railway embankment basis on ice-rich permafrost are characterized by regulating cooling and warming factors for preservation of the basis in constantly frozen condition (with the help of snow removal, painting, sun-precipitation shed, cross-section cooling pipes, the film cover,and the longitudinal cooling device) or removing icy masses preventively from the basis and filling the cavities simultaneously with not subsiding soils (with use of jet geotechnology). Skilled-experimental development are shined on the basis of new ways of strengthening embankment basis on ice-rich frozen soils.     

注浆治理铁路高路基沉陷病害效果及提高注浆质量的探讨

针对京九铁路线衡水工务段局部高路基及桥（涵）台背后高路基出现程度不等的沉陷病害,近2年对该线选择性地进行了约5000延米的静压注浆和重力注浆加固处理,受铁路行车对线轨允许水平沉浮限制,多数高路基注浆量基本正常,但也有局部呈注浆量不足现象。其规律是桥涵台背、护锥体及部分频繁发生塌陷的高路基段注浆量很大,注浆效果良好,基本解决了后续严重再沉陷病害问题;而注浆量很小的高路基段仍需进一步研究工艺措施,增加注入合理的浆量,以彻底治理沉陷病害。     

洛湛线岩溶路基注浆加固与检测

洛湛铁路益娄段地处岩溶发育区,水文工程地质条件复杂.为此,施工和设计中确定了相应的岩溶路基加固原则,探索出最佳的注浆工艺,运用多种手段对注浆质量进行了全面检测,结果完全满足工程和环境的要求.     

采空巷道上方高速铁路桩板路基模型试验研究

桩板结构作为高速铁路采空区路基的复合地基,目前尚处于工程应用的探索阶段,缺乏相应的机制分析。以合福高速铁路（合肥－福州）上饶五府山车站采空巷道上方桩板结构路基为原型,通过物理模型试验获取桩的内力、土的应力、桩和承台板、土及采空巷道顶板的沉降三大类数据,得出了模型中桩和桩间土的内力分布、路基和采空区沉降规律。研究表明,荷载作用下桩顶处轴力最大,桩身轴力沿桩身逐渐减小,采空巷道段轴力恒定;桩侧摩阻力沿桩身不断减小,桩侧无负摩阻力,采空巷道部分桩侧摩阻力为0;桩土应力比与桩土荷载分担比变化规律相似,桩所分担的荷载随着荷载的增加逐渐增大直至一稳定值;承台板和桩间土的沉降均匀,沉降量很小;采空巷道和非采空巷道上方的路基沉降基本相同,采空巷道顶板最底端基本没有变形;模型中桩板结构对采空区路基加固效果良好。     

半填半挖路基交接面稳定性分析

分析了交接面对半填半挖路基稳定性的影响因素,在总体上将其归纳为几何特征和物理力学参数两类。研究了交接面的台阶特征、填料物理力学参数的差异性,分析了不平衡推力法在条块划分、计算结果误差方面的不足,阐明了不平衡推力法用来分析半填半挖路基交接面的稳定性的缺陷,推荐以改进的Sarma（MSarma）方法替换。以某公路半填半挖路基交接面分析为基础,将正交试验设计方法、统计方法和MSarma方法结合起来,形成了半填半挖路基交接面稳定性力学机制分析方法。采用该法研究了半填半挖路基交接面3种工况条件下各种因素对路基稳定性系数影响的敏感性排序,前4位依次为黏聚力、内摩擦角、交接面和地基倾角。在研究这4个主要参数与稳定性系数量化关系并比较变化趋势的基础上,为填料、交接面参数及路基形式选择提供了指导原则。     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: I. A theoretical study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air

An extention of our previous theory for trace gas absorption into freely-falling cloud and raindrops is presented. This theory describes the convective diffusion of a trace gas through air and into a water drop with internal circulation, the drop falling at its terminal velocity. Using flow fields for the circulating water inside and for the moving air outside the drop, obtained by numerical solutions to the Navier—Stokes equation of motion, we numerically solved the convective diffusion equation to determine the uptake of SO₂ by water drops of various sizes, time exposure to the gas phase, and concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase. It was found that for drops of radius larger than 1 mm and relatively low gas concentrations (10 ppb (v)), resistance to gas diffusion lies mainly in the gas phase; while for drops of radius less than 500 m and gas concentrations larger than those found in the atmosphere (1% (v)), the resistance to diffusion lies primarily in the liquid phase. With drop sizes and gas concentrations between these limits, the rate of SO₂ uptake is controlled by a coupled resistance to diffusion inside and outside the drop. In addition to our general model, a simplified version was formulated which allows considerable savings in computer time for evaluation and improved ease of handling without significant loss of accuracy. A comparison between our simplified model and that of Barrie (1978) shows that the boundary-layer approach of Barrie may be a useful alternate approach to estimating trace gas absorption by water drops, provided appropriate values are chosen for the thickness of the boundary layers involved.     

行车速度对桥路过渡段路基动应力的影响

通过对秦沈客运专线一路桥过渡段路基动应力的现场实测，得到了行车速度对无缝线路桥路过渡段路基动应力的影响特征，同时，定义了速度动力系数的概念，并得到了过渡段路基中速度动力系数变化规律。同时提出随行车速度的提高，必存在一个临界车速使得列车在通过路桥过渡段时，其动响应(动应力、动应变、动位移、振动加速度等)变化总趋势发生改变。研究结果对铁路客运专线过渡段的设计和施工有参考意义。     

Acid Rain and Below-Cloud Scavenging in South-Western China

Major urban areas in south-western China exhibit unique air pollutionproblems due to increasing use of high sulphur-content fuels in an environmentof unfavourable topography and climate. Ambient levels of sulphur dioxideexceed the air quality objectives, and this gas is the major precursor of acidrain. Cloudwater chemistry studies are reported for urban, suburban andcountryside locations, during the period 1985–1989. Although cloudwateracidity was found to increase towards the cloud base, the acidity was muchgreater for rainwater samples collected simultaneously, and was morepronounced in urban rather than neighbouring suburban or countryside regions.The main contribution to the acidity arises from below-cloud scavenging of gasand aerosol and model calculations are able to simulate this behaviour.     

冲击压实路基黄土的微观特征研究

采用扫描电镜和压汞试验研究了天然黄土和冲击压实8～40遍路基黄土的微观结构和孔隙特征。结果表明：天然黄土和冲击压实8遍的路基黄土,其微结构以粒状架空结构为主;冲击压实16～40遍,土的微结构变成粒状镶嵌结构。冲击压实16遍前后,土的孔隙直径分布在0.006～164 μm之间,平均孔径从0.767 9 μm降低到0.0 711 μm,中等孔径从5.264 μm减少到0.568 4 μm;但孔隙表面积从0.624 m2/g增加到7.517 m2/g。孔径分布在10 μm和2 μm处出现分界值,16遍前2     

基于不同客观本构关系的路基大变形固结分析

针对路基大变形固结分析中常用的Jaumann率型本构关系不能考虑邻域变形之影响的缺点,将Truesdell率型本构关系引入到大变形固结理论。采用虚功原理和Galerkin加权残值法,推导了基于不同客观本构关系的大变形固结有限元方程。编制相应的平面应变有限元程序对路基大变形固结性状进行分析,主要讨论了Truesdell率型、Jaumann率型、简化Jaumann率型等3种大变形本构关系对路基固结性状的影响。算例分析结果表明：基于常用的Jaumann率型本构关系的大变形固结分析得到的路基沉降量、侧向位移和孔压等均偏大于基于Truesdell率型本构关系时的相应结果。小变形本构矩阵不能反映客观性要求,将导致计算结果产生较大偏差。对常见问题而言,Jaumann率型和Truesdell率型本构关系对计算结果的影响并不很大,传统分析方法在变形较小时仍具有较高精度。