On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: II. An experimental study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air

For the purpose of testing our previously described theory of SO₂ scavenging a laboratory investigation was carried out in the UCLA 33 m long rainshaft. Drops with radii between 250 and 2500 m were allowed to come to terminal velocity, after which they passed through a chamber of variable length filled with various SO₂ concentrations in air. After falling through a gas separating chamber consisting of a fluorocarbon gas the drops were collected and analyzed for their total S content in order to determine the rate of SO ₂ absorption.The SO₂ concentration in air studied ranged between 1 and 60% (v). Such relatively large concentrations were necessary due to the short times the drops were exposed to SO₂ in the present setup. The present experimental results were therefore not used to simulate atmospheric conditions but rather to test our previously derived theory which is applicable to any laboratory or atmospheric condition. Comparison of our studies with the results from our theory applied to our laboratory conditions led to predicted values for the S concentration in the drops which agreed well with those observed if the drops had radii smaller than 500 m. In order to obtain agreement between predicted and observed S concentrations in larger drops, an empirically derived eddy diffusivity for SO₂ in water had to be included in the theory to take into account the effect of turbulent mixing inside such large drops.In a subsequent set of experiments, drops initially saturated with S (IV) were allowed to fall through S-free air to determine the rate of SO ₂ desorption. The results of these studies also agreed well with the results of our theoretical model, thus justifying the reversibility assumption made in our theoretical models.In a final set of experiments, the effects of oxidation on SO₂ absorption was studied by means of drops containing various amounts of H₂O₂. For comparable exposure times to SO₂, the S concentration in drops with H₂O₂ was found to be up to 10 times higher than the concentration in drops in which no oxidation occurred.     

风沙路基施工技术初探

路基施工中保证路基填筑密实度，通常沙土路基采用水夯；普通路基采用振动碾、羊角碾等重型机具振密夯实。但在缺电、缺水，高气温、大风沙的沙漠气候等恶劣的施工条件下，风沙路基的施工如何保证路基填筑的密实度和施工机械在风沙路基上作业而不陷车的问题，就目前没有合适的经验可借鉴，也没有规范可参考。因此把在包西线神木北至延安北段的铁路工程建设中风沙路基施工所取得的经验和施工技术作一介绍。     

软土路基桥头跳车处理方法的对比研究

软土路基桥头跳车现象严重影响了行车安全和道路的正常使用。从产生桥头跳车现象的主要原因着手,简要介绍了目前处理桥头跳车现象的各种方法。通过有限元软件对真空预压、设置弧形搭板、多级搭板以及真空预压和弧形搭板结合等方法进行了比较研究,得出了各种处理方法的处理效果,其中真空预压和弧形搭板结合的方法对于减小最大沉降量和差异沉降效果明显。     

保护多年冻土路基中存在的问题和对策

Ways of strengthening railway embankment basis on ice-rich permafrost are characterized by regulating cooling and warming factors for preservation of the basis in constantly frozen condition (with the help of snow removal, painting, sun-precipitation shed, cross-section cooling pipes, the film cover,and the longitudinal cooling device) or removing icy masses preventively from the basis and filling the cavities simultaneously with not subsiding soils (with use of jet geotechnology). Skilled-experimental development are shined on the basis of new ways of strengthening embankment basis on ice-rich frozen soils.     

膨胀土路基沉降的模糊可靠度

由于影响膨胀土路基沉降的诸多因素,如含水量、孔隙比、固结度等的不确定性和随机性,导致路基沉降安全的极限状态并非如“临界点”所定义的那样绝对明确。运用模糊数学的原理,在分析膨胀土路基沉降的安全性时,将极限状态规定为在“零”附近的一个不确定区间,即引入“模糊临界区间”和“模糊极限状态”,从而,提出模糊可靠度的概念。进一步地阐述了膨胀土路基沉降的模糊可靠度的分析方法和步骤,并针对具体工程实例进行了模糊可靠度的计算,结果表明：按强度和稳定性设计原则设计的膨胀土路基沉降的模糊失效概率可能较大。     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: I. A theoretical study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air

An extention of our previous theory for trace gas absorption into freely-falling cloud and raindrops is presented. This theory describes the convective diffusion of a trace gas through air and into a water drop with internal circulation, the drop falling at its terminal velocity. Using flow fields for the circulating water inside and for the moving air outside the drop, obtained by numerical solutions to the Navier—Stokes equation of motion, we numerically solved the convective diffusion equation to determine the uptake of SO₂ by water drops of various sizes, time exposure to the gas phase, and concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase. It was found that for drops of radius larger than 1 mm and relatively low gas concentrations (10 ppb (v)), resistance to gas diffusion lies mainly in the gas phase; while for drops of radius less than 500 m and gas concentrations larger than those found in the atmosphere (1% (v)), the resistance to diffusion lies primarily in the liquid phase. With drop sizes and gas concentrations between these limits, the rate of SO₂ uptake is controlled by a coupled resistance to diffusion inside and outside the drop. In addition to our general model, a simplified version was formulated which allows considerable savings in computer time for evaluation and improved ease of handling without significant loss of accuracy. A comparison between our simplified model and that of Barrie (1978) shows that the boundary-layer approach of Barrie may be a useful alternate approach to estimating trace gas absorption by water drops, provided appropriate values are chosen for the thickness of the boundary layers involved.     

邵三高速公路水毁灾害K117＋775-＋940段右边坡滑坡整治

论文以沿海地区邵三高速公路K117＋775~＋940段滑坡的整治工程为实例,简要说明了滑坡变形的基本情况,对当前滑坡所处的稳定程度进行分析。据此,提出了两个整治工程方案,并分别对两方案的加固工程实施效果进行边坡安全定量分析,对两方案在经济、技术、交通、安全及环境保护等方面进行分析和比较,以便有针对性地进行加固工程设计。文中对采用的整治方案的优化设计进行了说明,对滑坡裂缝的处理作了较详细的介绍。论文对实施效果作了简要的说明,对治理方案存在的缺陷进行评述。以期通过实施效果评价与后评价反馈设计,进一步补充、完善设计,弥补方案评审阶段的不足,提高治理工程设计质量。由于工程实例处于沿海地区,受台风暴雨影响较为突出,文中对相似地区的水毁灾害防治具有一定的参考价值。     

公路路基沉降灰色预测方法之探讨

根据公路路基沉降规律和GM(1,1)模型单调指数变化的特性,提出了对原始数列进行分析,合理选择GM(1,1)模型或灰色Verhulst模型。若原始数列处于快速沉降阶段,宜选用GM(1,1)模型;若原始数列处于沉降饱和阶段,宜选用灰色Verhulst模型,并用数学方法证明了灰色Verhulst模型的合理性。     

潮汐作用下淤泥路基固结变形特性研究

淤泥类软土的广泛分布是沿海地区高速公路建设中普遍遇到的岩土工程问题。海滩区淤泥长期受周期性的波浪和潮汐作用,在淤泥路基排水固结处理前,为便于施工,一般在两侧填筑围堰,并修建反压护道,波浪作用被阻隔,而潮汐通过排水层进入淤泥路基顶面,对淤泥路基的排水固结过程产生重要影响。基于海滩区淤泥路基中反压护道和潮汐的作用,建立了平面应变砂墙路基有限元计算模型。根据现场实测资料反算砂井路基水平渗透系数,并将三维砂井路基转换成平面应变砂墙路基,确定了转换后的等效渗透系数。计算结果表明潮汐、反压护道等对淤泥路基排水固结过程有显著影响。     

包兰二线铁路某段硫酸盐渍土的盐胀特性及其病害防治

该路段地表硫酸盐渍土的形成与其地形地貌、气候、工程地质和水文地质条件有关.硫酸钠含量、含水量和温度是产生盐胀的主要因素.防治该段路基盐胀病害,应针对这些条件和因素,综合选用提高路基、设置隔断层、换填垫层、设置地面隔热层或化学处置等方法.