风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积的影响

通过对黄河内蒙古河段河道淤积泥沙打钻采样,以及黄河沿岸及支流产沙地层采样分析对比,暴雨、洪水等分析追踪河道淤积泥沙源地表明,黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积主要来源于乌兰布和沙漠及十大孔兑(沟谷)的库布齐沙漠和丘陵沟壑梁地。通过输沙平衡法计算该河段河道泥沙淤积量得知,1954-2000年该河段淤积泥沙总量约20.11亿t,其中大于0.1mm的粗沙为15.57亿t,占总量的77.424%;小于0.1mm的泥沙约4.54亿t,占总量的22.57%。风成沙入黄淤积量是:乌兰布和沙漠6.0552亿t;库布齐沙漠5.8499亿t;二者约占大于0.1mm粗泥沙总量的76.46%。     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

长江河源区的河水主要元素与Sr同位素来源

长江源区河水化学成分来自雨雪、蒸发盐岩、碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩。主要支流楚玛尔河、北麓河的主要阳离子为Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 ,占阳离子总量的97%以上.Ca Na,Mg Na,K Na的比值较低,87Sr 86Sr为0 709180±20～0 710280±11,河水成分以蒸发岩类溶解为主。发源于唐古拉山北坡的长江源头,及其支流主要阳离子为Ca2 ,Mg2 ,Na 占阳离子总量的97%以上,Ca Na,Mg Na,K Na的比值较楚玛尔河等河流高,87Sr 86Sr为0 708954±20～0 710455±18,表现为以碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的溶解为主。计算表明,长江河源区河水中主要化学成分来自蒸发岩中Na 和Cl-,在河流水化学成分中占比例最大,长江河水中Cl-含量从河源区向下游明显逐渐减小,反应出河源区高寒干旱环境下河流蒸发岩的化学侵蚀作用较强的特征。     

中国民航客运(国内)空间格局与竞争态势分析

利用统计分析和可视化方法,综合考虑行政、经济、人口和旅游吸引指标,采取抽样方法选择了60个具有代表性的国内大中城市,以近期发布的中国民航班期数据为基础,研究了构成中国民航运输网络的9家民航公司的通航城市和航线网络特征,并分析了各公司相互问的竞争关系。结果表明,三大航空集团和海航的航线呈多中心网状分布,而其他5家航空公司航线呈明显的单中心/双中心放射状分布;在运营中,三大航空集团和海航具有明显的垄断优势。而它们之间也存在明显的竞争关系。其他航空公司在构成中国民航运输网络骨架的大中城市航线运营中处于明显的竞争劣势。研究成果对航空公司航线、航班调整、代码共享和民航政策制订具有参考作用。     

Water quality evaluation in Tidal River reaches of Liaohe River Estuary, China using a revised QUAL2K model

Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pollutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model (1D model) were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal river reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four water quality indices at two locations (6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth). The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal river.     

青东凹陷古近纪构造演化与盆地转型

通过对三维地震、钻井岩心及录测井资料的详细分析解释,发现青东凹陷古近纪不同演化阶段的构造特征存在着差异性:孔店期-沙四早期青东凹陷以NW向断层控盆为主,整体断层数量较少,但规模较大;沙四晚期断层数量明显增多,各个方向控盆断层均有发育,NW向的青东12断层消亡,主要以NWW和近EW向断层活动为主;沙三-沙二期控盆断层走向主要为NE和NEE向。这种构造格局的转变导致了相应的盆地转型,青东凹陷孔店期表现为受郯庐断裂带左旋走滑应力场控制之下的一系列北东断南西超的北西向半地堑,地层沉积厚度大;沙四期青东凹陷表现为NWW与近EW向兼有的复合盆地格局,为盆地转型阶段;沙三期、沙二期受郯庐断裂带右旋走滑应力场的影响,盆地格局完全转为近EW和NE(E)向,开始发育北断南超的半地堑和双断式堑垒构造。     

国内产业转移背景下重庆对外贸易的地理格局

在全球第四次产业转移的背景下,重庆迅速调整产业结构并取得突破,对外贸易的地理格局发生较大变化。本文搜集整理2008～2012年海关统计数据,采用地理信息系统软件（Ar-cGIS9.3）对重庆市对外贸易伙伴的空间分布格局、商品构成状况进行研究。研究表明：①2008年以来重庆进出口商品总量增长迅速,出口集中度逐年提高,而进口集中度逐年降低;②进口贸易伙伴集中分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲。贸易伙伴的分布重心向东南亚倾斜。进口商品集中于电子信息产品及机械设备;③出口贸易伙伴分布更加集中于北美洲与欧洲。出口商品以计算机与通信产品、机械设备为主。其中,计算机类电子信息产品已经超过传统汽车、摩托车等产品而位居首位。最后对重庆市对外贸易发展的趋势进行了展望。     

Model study of the relationship between sediment yield and river basin area

The SHETRAN physically based, spatially distributed model is used to investigate the scaling relationship linking specific sediment yield to river basin area, for two contrasting topographies of upland and more homogeneous terrain and as a function of sediment source, land use and rainfall distribution. Modelling enables the effects of the controls to be examined on a systematic basis, while avoiding the difficulties associated with the use of field data (which include limited data, lack of measurements for nested basins and inability to isolate the effects of individual controls). Conventionally sediment yield is held to decrease as basin area increases, as the river network becomes more remote from the headwater sediment sources (an inverse relationship). However, recent studies have reported the opposite variation, depending on the river basin characteristics. The simulation results are consistent with these studies. If the sediment is supplied solely from hillslope erosion (no channel bank erosion) then, with uniform land use, sediment yield either decreases or is constant as area increases. The downstream decrease is accentuated if rainfall (and thence erosion) is higher in the headwaters than at lower elevations. Introducing a non‐uniform land use (e.g. forest at higher elevations, wheat at lower elevations) can reverse the trend, so that sediment yield increases downstream. If the sediment is supplied solely from bank erosion (no hillslope erosion), the sediment yield increases downstream for all conditions. The sediment yield/basin area relationship can thus be inverse or direct, depending on basin characteristics. There still remains, therefore, considerable scope for defining a universal scaling law for sediment yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国港口时空格局演变及影响因素分析

港口是水路运输的枢纽和重要节点,对区域经济的发展起着重要作用。以我国规模以上港口为研究对象,运用指数分析与齐夫定律对近年来我国港口规模的区域差异、等级规模变化进行分析,通过灰色关联度模型确定影响港口规模的主要因素,结果发现:我国港口吞吐量增长迅速,以外贸运输为主;港口规模的区域差异与规模等级差异逐步缩小,各港口吞吐量呈现位序-规模分布,分形结构由单分形转为双分形,齐夫参数呈下降趋势;不同省级行政单元经济水平对港口规模影响存在差异,分为区域拉动型、外向经济型、腹地中转型和补充导向型。     

北京城市休闲商务区的时空分布特征与成因

城市休闲商务区（Recreational Business District, RBD）作为城市重要的游憩空间,为外来游客和城市居民提供休闲消费的场所,逐渐受到学界和业界重视。目前大多数研究还停留在概念层面,在分类、空间结构、分布规律、分异成因等方面上还缺乏一定的实证和定量研究。结合前人研究经验,重新定义RBD,并依据城市RBD的特征和属性将其分为大型购物中心、休闲商业街、城市休闲区三类。选取1990年、2000年、2014年三个时间截面对北京各类城市RBD点进行统计,采用基尼系数、空间插值、核密度分析、地理探测器等方法,结合ArcGIS软件,对北京城市RBD的时空分布特征和成因进行分析,得出以下结论：① 时序上看,北京城市RBD的数量和规模不断增加,增速变快,不同类型的RBD出现不同幅度的空间扩张;② 北京城市RBD的空间集聚程度不断加强,不同类型的RBD,存在一定的增幅和增速差异;③ 北京城市RBD的整体空间结构呈“单核聚集—双核发展—网状扩散”的发展模式;④ 城市RBD多选址在交通便利、临近旅游景区、居民和游客密度较高、地价相对较高的地区。⑤ 游客密度对各类型的城市RBD规模均有较大影响;对于不同类型的城市RBD,各因素对其规模的影响也有所不同。