怒江州中元小流域退耕地现状及其开发模式探讨

通过实地调查,对农户及有关林业部门技术人员的访谈,了解中元小流域退耕还林(草)工程实施情况和退耕地现状,分析其耕地分布特点和种植情况,探讨退耕还林(草)步骤和退耕地开发模式,以期达到山地的综合利用,顺利实施国家的退耕还林工程,解决农户的生计问题,最终促进中元流域经济、社会、生态的协调发展.     

河岸带生态系统管理研究概念框架及其关键问题

河岸带生态系统作为河流-陆地生态系统的生态过渡区,具有一系列的环境、社会和经济功能加以考虑。加强河岸带生态系统的资源、生态、环境管理,已成为流域生态学、生态系统生态学等学科研究的重要问题之一。在对国内外河岸带生态系统管理研究进展进行综述的基础上,从生态系统管理的角度出发,结合河岸带生态系统特征,界定了河岸带生态系统管理的概念及其要素。提出了河岸带生态系统管理的概念框架,主要从范围界定、问题诊断、目标设定、综合评价、管理策略、监测评估和反馈调整7个方面展开具体研究。识别出河岸带生态系统管理中的4个关键问题:①研究尺度问题;②河岸带管理宽度问题;③协调生态价值冲突问题;④国内河岸带生态系统管理问题,并对其进行了详细阐述,以期为国内开展相关研究提供参考。     

Simulation on the dynamics of forest area changes in Northeast China

There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System (DLS) model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000–2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and making out the planning for forestry production in the Northeast China region.     

河岸带潜流层动态过程与生态修复

河岸带潜流层是河岸带内地表水与地下水相互作用的生态交错带,在水文地理学、生态学、环境学上含义不尽相同。河岸带潜流层具有复杂的垂向、横向、纵向结构特征,其边缘效应显著,表现为泥沙、水流、生物、环境化学因子之间的复杂动态过程,主要包括水动力动态过程、生态学过程、溶质循环与化学过程等。水动力动态过程是驱动条件,氧气浓度是生态过程、溶质循环和化学过程的决定性因素。在各动态过程的驱动下,河岸带潜流层具有调蓄洪水、削减污染、净化缓冲环境和提供适宜栖息地等功能。针对河岸带潜流层功能退化的问题,需开展健康诊断,明确致病机理,实施适宜的生态修复。未来中国在开展河岸带潜流层研究时,应根据中国河岸带特点,采用示踪试验、数值模拟等方法,集成GIS等现代技术手段,研究多尺度下,水文条件、地形变化、土壤渗透系数、河岸带建设方式、植被分布等对河岸带潜流层水文、热传导、生化、生态等的影响机制,准确界定河岸带潜流层区域范围,制定适宜的生态修复策略。     

Nitrate dynamics in a rural headwater catchment: measurements and modelling

This study was designed to improve our understanding of, and mechanistically simulate, nitrate (NO₃) dynamics in a steep 9.8 ha rural headwater catchment, including its production in soil and delivery to a stream via surface and subsurface processes. A two‐dimensional modelling approach was evaluated for (1) integrating these processes at a hillslope scale annually and within storms, (2) estimating denitrification, and (3) running virtual experiments to generate insights and hypotheses about using trees in streamside management zones (SMZs) to mitigate NO₃ delivery to streams. Total flow was mathematically separated into quick‐ and slow‐flow components; the latter was routed through the HYDRUS software with a nitrogen module designed for constructed wetlands. Flow was monitored for two years. High surface‐soil NO₃ concentrations started to be delivered to the stream via preferential subsurface flow within two days of the storm commencing. Groundwater NO₃‐N concentrations decreased from 1.0 to less than 0.1 mg l^?1 from up‐slope to down‐slope water tables, respectively, which was attributed to denitrification. Measurements were consistent with the flushing of NO₃ mainly laterally from surface soil during and following each storm. The model accurately accounted for NO₃ turnover, leading to the hypotheses that denitrification was a minor flux (<3 kg N ha^?1) compared to uptake (98^?127 kg N ha^?1), and that SMZ trees would reduce denitrification if they lowered the water table. This research provides an example of the measurement and modelling of NO₃ dynamics at a small‐catchment scale with high spatial and temporal resolution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于影响因子动态更新的都市圈国土-人口协同模拟

都市圈作为典型的复杂巨系统,其国土、人口、交通等要素呈现出共同演化、协同发展的特征。现有基于元胞自动机的空间模拟方法通常分别进行国土或人口模拟,忽略了国土、人口之间的协同演化,从而限制了模拟性能。本文提出一种影响因子动态更新策略用以表征国土、人口两种要素间的相互作用,拓展经典元胞自动机模型构建协同模拟算法,实现了都市圈国土与人口空间分布态势的精准模拟。本文以深莞惠都市圈为例,对提出算法进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,本文提出协同模拟算法在深莞惠都市圈的国土模拟品质因素为0.274、人口模拟平均绝对百分比误差23.55%,分别优于传统基于随机森林的元胞自动机算法0.24和29.33%;相较于传统模型,在国土模拟中本模型在对于建设用地的模拟准确度提升了约3%,在人口模拟中本模型在对人口高密度的区域模拟误差降低了约6%。本文进一步预测了深莞惠都市圈2030年国土和人口发展空间态势。研究结果可为都市圈重大基础设施选址和发展情景推演提供技术支撑。     

基于随机森林的光子计数激光雷达点云滤波

新一代星载激光雷达卫星ICESat-2首次采用了微脉冲光子计数激光雷达技术,由于单光子探测的灵敏性导致数据在大气和地表下层产生了大量噪声,因此对光子计数激光雷达点云数据实现信号和噪声的分离是开展进一步应用研究的前提和基础。本文选择美国俄勒冈州和弗吉尼亚州2个研究区,采用MATLAS数据,根据光子点云数据的特点构造了12个光子点云特征,对所构造的特征利用随机森林进行变量筛选,用机器学习方法对光子点云进行分类,并将建立好的模型推广到整个研究区。研究结果表明,本文构建的分类器分类总精度达到了96.79%,Kappa系数为0.94,平均生产者精度和用户精度分别为97.1%和96.8%。在相对弱噪声、平坦地形区域和强噪声、复杂地形区域都取得较好的分类结果。本文结果显示了基于少量样本通过机器学习的方法构建模型,可以推广到较大范围区域的光子点云分类应用中。     

Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology

River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four‐dimensional framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant controlling factor on river geomorphology since the Late Silurian (c. 420 Ma). On such evolutionary timescales, plant adaptations to the fluvial environment and the subsequent effects of these adaptations on fluvial sediment and landform dynamics resulted in the emergence, from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, of a variety of contrasted fluvial biogeomorphic types where water flow, morphodynamics and vegetation interacted to different degrees. Here we identify several of these types and describe the consequences for biogeomorphic structure and stability (i.e. resistance and resilience), along the four river dimensions, of feedbacks between riparian plants and hydrogeomorphic processes on contrasting ecological and evolutionary timescales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山森林内外主要气象因子对比研究

根据<地面气象观测规范>的要求,在祁连山森林内外建立两个相同的地面气象站,对气温、湿度、土壤温度、降水量、蒸发量等因子进行对比研究,采用同期林内外气象因子的差值来分析其差异特征.结果表明:(1)林内平均气温、土壤温度、降水量和蒸发量相对林外明显偏低,但是,林内湿度相对林外偏高;(2)林内温差和湿度变化幅度明显较林外小,从生态环境学的角度揭示了森林小气候功能,为生态环境建设提供决策依据.     

广西森林转型与森林扰动遥感监测研究

近20年来由于封山育林政策的实施和人工乔木林的大面积种植,广西森林面积大幅增加,正在经历深刻的森林转型,森林转型过程中农林交错带和森林内部的结构重组都给生态系统带来了不容忽视的扰动。本文基于2000—2016年MODIS-EVI影像数据、1∶100万地貌图和4期土地利用数据,采用变化矢量法和Sen+Mann-Kendall对广西进行森林转型背景下的森林转型路径和森林内部扰动特征分析。研究表明:自2000年以来广西森林的EVI变化强度以无变化和低变化类型为主,总体EVI上升趋势略大于下降趋势,EVI显著下降主要分布于十万大山、大瑶山、海洋山和越城岭等山地区域和桂西北的百色水利枢纽和龙滩水利枢纽周围,显著上升部分主要集中于桂中南的左江-邕江-郁江流域平原丘陵区、桂西南喀斯特区和桂东北山地区地势低平的河谷地带。广西森林面积增加的土地来源于耕地和草地,森林转型路径表现为"经济增长型"和"森林短缺型"两种路径并存,或者存在更为复杂的复合型路径。广西森林内部扰动的减少型和扰动型分布于桂西北喀斯特和桂东北山地起伏度较大的陡坡区域,增加型分布于桂中南的平原丘陵地区。由于山地陡坡区域和喀斯特地区的生态敏感性,应更多关注扰动型和减少型在桂西北和桂东北地区的集中分布问题。