江苏仪征捺山火山机构及玄武岩石柱林

江苏仪征捺山为一个典型的古火山口,由玄武质岩石组成的火山溢流相、爆发相、通道相等岩相在空间上呈环状分布,且均向内倾斜,构成一个上大下小、向北东倾斜的喇叭口。火山喷发时间在距今约1000万年前,属中新世晚期产物。尤其是玄武岩石柱林规模宏大,气势雄伟,千恣百态,其火山石柱林价值已不再沉寂于地学标尺上,而以一种奇致的新姿态将成为本地域旅游业的新亮点。     

玄武岩盖层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

受玄武岩盖层的影响,石林地区的地下水在雨季和旱季对碳酸盐岩都具有侵蚀性,玄武岩盖层空气CO2呈现出低—高—低的双向变化梯度。溶蚀试验表明．地下0～0．6m,水平方向的溶蚀量大于垂直方向的溶蚀量,而随着深度的增加,垂直方向的溶蚀量大于水平方向。富含CO2的水通过具有最大渗透张量和较小主轴倾角的玄武岩裂隙下渗,对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用表现为一个脱钙、富铝铁、硅迁移的复杂过程,并在地下0～0．6m形成许多水平凹槽、穿洞等岩溶形态,而地表0．6m以下以垂向溶蚀为主,有利于石柱的形成与发育。     

荒漠河岸林涡度相关通量测定中平均时间的确定及其对通量计算的影响

极端干旱区在全球生态系统中具有重要的地位而越来越被人们所重视。涡度相关技术是研究极端干旱区生态系统水热和CO2交换的有力工具之一。而涡度相关数据在实际应用中需要根据研究区的实际情况选择适宜于该地区的采样和计算参数（如采样频率和平均时间等）。根据2011年9月22日～10月8日（17个白天）原始数据（采样频率为10 Hz）,采用不同平均时间（1～120 min）对塔河下游柽柳河岸林生态系统的潜热通量[（LE）]、感热通量[（H）]和CO2通量[（Fc）]进行了重新计算,比较分析各通量不同平均时间的计算值与30 min通量值,以揭示平均时间对该地区通量计算结果的影响。结果发现：（1）平均时间在120 min以内,17个白天湍流通量及能量平衡比率[（EBR）]均值随平均时间的延长而增大,当平均时间>120 min后,湍流通量（及[EBR]）均值随平均时间的延长大幅减小,其中15～60 min的[EBR]增幅较小,仅在2%左右。（2）平均时间>60 min后,[LE]、[H]和[FC]各通量计算值发生了不同程度的变异。通过进一步对上午[EBR]较为接近的5个样本日进行对比分析,发现当平均时间取15～60 min之间时,样本日的上午[EBR]值变化趋势一致,样本日间[EBR]差异较小;而当平均时间取>60 min或<15 min时,样本日间[EBR]差异明显增大。结合Ogive函数计算分析,我们的结论是,对于通量的长期观测研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为60 min;而对通量的日变化研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为15 min。通过分析15、30和60 min平均时间对小时通量的影响,发现当通量为增加趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步增大通量绝对值,而当通量为减小趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步减小通量绝对值。     

Changes to sediment sources following wildfire in a forested upland catchment,southeastern Australia

Few investigations link post‐fire changes to sediment sources and erosion processes with sediment yield response at the catchment scale. This linkage is essential if downstream impacts on sediment transport after fire are to be understood in the context of fire effects across different forest environments. In this study, we quantify changing source contributions to fine sediment (<63 µm) exported from a eucalypt forest catchment (136 ha) burnt by wildfire. The study catchment is one of a pair of research catchments located in the East Kiewa River valley in southeastern Australia that have been the subject of a research program investigating wildfire effects on runoff, erosion, and catchment sediment/nutrient exports. This previous research provided the opportunity to couple insights gained from a range of measurement techniques with the application of fallout radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex to trace sediment sources. It was found that hillslope surface erosion dominated exports throughout the 3·5‐year post‐fire measurement period. During this time there was a pronounced decline in the proportional surface contribution from close to 100% in the first six months to 58% in the fourth year after fire. Over the study period, hillslope surface sources accounted for 93% of the fine sediment yield from the burnt catchment. The largest decline in the hillslope contribution occurred between the first and second years after fire, which corresponded with the previously reported large decline in sediment yield, breakdown of water repellency in burnt soils, substantial reduction in hillslope erodibility, and rapid surface vegetation recovery. Coupling the information on sediment sources with hillslope process measurements indicated that only a small proportion of slopes contributed sediment to the catchment outlet, with material derived from near‐channel areas dominating the post‐fire catchment sediment yield response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑龙江哈尔滨白渔泡国家湿地公园沼泽、林地和农田土壤物理、化学和生物性质差异

为了揭示黑龙江哈尔滨白渔泡国家湿地公园沼泽、林地和农田土壤物理、化学和生物性质的差异,于2018年7月25日～8月2日,在湿地公园内,在天然芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽、林地、旱田和水田中设置采样地,采集不同深度(0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm)的土壤样品,测定土壤样品的物理...     

Asymmetric vegetation responses to mid-Holocene aridity at the prairie-forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota

The mid-Holocene (ca. 8000-4000 cal yr BP) was a time of marked aridity throughout much of Minnesota, and the changes due to mid-Holocene aridity are seen as an analog for future responses to global warming. In this study, we compare the transition into (ca. 9000-7000 yr ago) and out of (ca. 5000-2500 yr ago) the mid-Holocene (MH) period at Kimble Pond and Sharkey Lake, located along the prairie forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota, using high resolution (∼ 5-36 yr) sampling of pollen, charcoal, sediment magnetic and loss-on-ignition properties. Changes in vegetation were asymmetrical with increasing aridity being marked by a pronounced shift from woodland/forest-dominated landscape to a more open mix of grassland and woodland/savanna. In contrast, at the end of the MH, grassland remained an important component of the landscape despite increasing effective moisture, and high charcoal influxes (median 2.7-4.0 vs. 0.6-1.7 mm² cm^− 2 yr^− 1 at start of MH) suggest the role of fire in limiting woodland expansion. Asymmetric vegetation responses, variation among and within proxies, and the near-absence of fire today suggest caution in using changes associated with mid-Holocene aridity at the prairie forest boundary as an analog for future responses to global warming.     

森林沼泽景观区区域化探新、旧方法技术应用效果对比

自森林沼泽景观区1∶20万区域化探工作开展以来,各个单位、不同阶段工作方法技术各有不同,工作效果不明显。中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所近年来通过研究制定了新的工作方法技术,通过应用取得了较好的效果,为此本文仅以内蒙古一二五公里幅1∶20万区域化探新、旧方法技术的应用效果对比进行初步探讨。     

加拿大北方森林火烧迹地遥感分析

森林火灾是加拿大北方森林地区最主要的扰动因素,对北方生态系统起着主导作用。基于MODIS数据,采用全球扰动指数算法(MGDI),对加拿大萨斯喀彻温省和亚伯达省2004-2011年的森林火烧迹地进行检测和分析。通过与MODIS标准火烧迹地产品以及加拿大林业局数据进行比较,扰动指数算法检测的火烧迹地面积比MODIS标准产品更接近于林业局的统计数据。分析表明,在2004-2011年间,由于火灾原因,整个研究区森林面积平均每年减少76.36万hm2,占该区域森林总面积的3.36%。萨斯喀彻温省平均每年燃烧的森林面积为46.83万hm2,亚伯达省为29.53万hm2。其中,2006、2008、2010和2011年是火灾的高峰年份。火烧迹地主要集中在生态交错带的北方保护区、针叶林保护区、针叶林平原区,以及北方平原东北部的伍德布法罗国家森林保护区。     

不规则网土壤测量在水系沉积物异常查证中的应用

在大兴安岭森林沼泽景观区,植被茂盛、土壤表层腐殖质发育,且通视条件差,运用传统的规则网土壤测量方法进行1/5万水系沉积物异常查证,工作周期长、劳动强度大;采用不规则网土壤测量方法进行异常查证,取得了快速评价异常、追踪异常源,缩短找矿周期的效果。     

基于随机森林模型的东北地区收缩城市分布格局及影响因素研究

基于2005-2009年、2010-2014年、2015-2019年和2005-2019年人口变化数据,判定东北地区收缩城市,分析其空间分布格局,并对比运用多元线性回归方法和随机森林回归方法探索东北地区收缩城市形成的影响因素及其影响作用.结果 表明:①空间上,东北地区的收缩城市主要分布在以长白山、三江平原、小兴安岭和大...