试论中国海的地球物理工作

中国海纵跨42个纬度，与8个相邻和相向的国家存在着划界问题。划界谈判关系到国家的主权和权益，而其中更关键的则是资源，特别是海底油气资源。中国海的油气资源丰富，过去40多年地质地球物理工作已发现一系列新生代陆相沉积盆地，现在更进一步认识到前新生代海相残留盆地的存在。尤其是近年世界油气勘探往深水盆地发展的趋势，都已经向地球物理提出更高要求。此外，随着国家经济社会的迅速发展，环境与工程必然向地球物理提出更多的任务和更高的要求。与此同时，从国家安全的角度出发。保卫中国海还必须大力发展军事地球物理学研究。     

Unfinished business: Taiwan's experience with rights-based coastal fisheries management

This paper examines a case involving a mix of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries, co-management and the competition for using coastal zones. In the 2000s, Taiwan's government initiated a remodeling of the fishery right system, which is a rights-based approach to fisheries management, as an attempt to address conflicts between fishers and developers regarding the use of coastal space and to put community-based co-management into practice. The paper particularly compares the system before and after 2000 and identifies areas of concern in the implementation of the remodeled system. The results show that the government's support for this system signifies progress in the right direction. However, concerns emerge, mostly involving fishers' low participation, fishermen's association's lack of technical skills and financial resources, and the division of management responsibility. The government is advised to play a more active role in dealing with these concerns. Finally, the paper reveals that the factor of competition for using coastal zones poses a challenge to co-management, and suggests a holistic view with integrated coastal management or marine spatial planning practices, for developing co-management under the fishery right system.     

Ocean zoning,first possession and Coasean contracts

Governments are being asked to integrate uses of ocean resources and space by developing comprehensive zoning plans. The current, sectoral practice establishes individual areas, such as marine protected areas, that satisfy constituents’ first-possession strategies to claim de facto ownership, but the zones are not integrated. Also, the emphasis on exclusive-use zoning to minimize spillovers in both approaches is costly when the value of excluded production is greater than spillover damages. Alternatively, property rights could be allocated to claimants and exchanged in contracts that internalize spillovers, account for all sources of value, and result in an optimal pattern of mixed-use and exclusive-use zones.     

Conservation planning in the west, problems, new strategies and entrenched obstacles

The United States is often considered the progenitor of conservation planning in the world, the first to establish a vast public domain, for example. But with continued population growth, conservation planning on private lands—rural and at the urban fringe—continues to be a substantial challenge due to a tradition of local home rule in land use planning and strong private property protection afforded by the US Constitution. New “bottom-up” collaborative approaches, as well as other innovative strategies seem to be emerging. How effective these will be given pressures for growth and high property values remain to be seen without a rethinking of ideas of nature, a rebalancing of the role of property in American local fiscal regimes, and of private property rights.     

Women as individuals and members of minority groups: how to reconcile human rights and the values of cultural pluralism

The paper represents an attempt to understand how, in a democratic and pluralistic state, it is possible to reconcile the values of individual freedom with those granted to minority groups. In this perspective, the paper argues that, without questioning the importance of differentiated cultural rights that allow cultural minorities to be on an equal footing with the mainstream society, women’s rights cannot be ignored. Instead, rights for women are not exclusive of any particular culture or society, being indeed one of the human rights common to all groups of people, those rights which attest to the existence of a bond among individuals as members of the human community.     

借鉴国际及国外标准建立和完善我国矿产资源标准体系

通过对国际及国外地质矿产标准的了解，结合我国矿产资源管理的热点，指出矿产资源标准同有关政策、法规一样不可或缺。为实现我国矿产资源的可持续利用，必须逐步建立和完善我国矿产资源标准体系。     

假设开发法在海域使用权价值评估中的应用 ——以游艇码头用海为例

随着国家资源管理体制改革的加快,海域资源的市场化配置程度不断提高,而海域使用权价格评估是其基础工作。在诸多评估方法中,假设开发法把在开发和未开发海域假设为已完工状态而进行评估,非常适宜于当前海域市场化出让前的状态,已经成为目前海域使用权评估领域最常用的评估方法。文章选取A市游艇码头项目用海为例,利用假设开发法详细测算了该宗海域价格,并通过对测算过程和测算结果进行分析,探讨假设开发法在海域价格评估领域的应用及局限,对进一步完善海域使用权价格评估工作具有积极意义。     

Social,economic and environmental effects of closing commercial fisheries to enhance recreational fishing

Recreational fishing mortality can have a major impact on coastal fish populations, bringing recreational fishers into conflict with commercial fisheries. This article reviews exclusion zones for commercial fishing, or ‘recreational fishing areas’ as a solution to the conflict between commercial and recreational fisheries. Recently designated recreational fishing areas in the state of Queensland, Australia are examined as a case-study. The goal of recreational fishing areas is to enhance recreational fishing and provide economic opportunities through charter fishing. However, recently designated recreational fishing areas in Queensland have not been thoroughly assessed for their social, economic and environmental impacts and they are not integrated within existing management frameworks for fisheries. The designation of recreational fishing areas is thus a shift away from evidence-based management in Queensland's fisheries and has likely occurred solely for political reasons – there are more voters in the recreational fishery than commercial fishery. In Queensland, excluding commercial fishing on its own is unlikely to result in long-term benefits to recreational fisheries because recreational harvest is a major component of fish harvest for some key species and there is no legislated limit to recreational harvest. Current political attention on recreational fishing areas provides an opportunity for fisheries managers, politicians, conservation groups and the public to discuss what is needed to manage sustainable coastal fisheries. In particular, recreational fishing areas need to be combined with efforts to enhance stewardship among recreational fishers if they are to be successful in the long-term.     

Stronger together: Strategies to protect local sovereignty,ecosystems, and place-based communities from the global fossil fuel trade

In the Pacific Northwest, residents are mobilizing to prevent the coastal export of fossil fuels and protect unique ecosystems and place-based communities. This paper examines the diverse groups, largely from the Bellingham area, and how they succeeded in blocking construction of what was to be the largest coal-shipping port in North America, the Gateway Pacific Terminal (GPT). Tribes, environmental organizations, faith-based groups, and other citizen groups used a multitude of approaches to prevent development, both independently and in concert. This paper reviews the various ways in which the groups collaborated and supported one another to resist the neoliberalization of the coast and support local sovereignty, unique ecosystems, and place-based communities. Groups like Power Past Coal, Protect Whatcom, and Coal-Free Bellingham fought for important and protective changes and evidenced communitywide political support, but the sovereign rights of the Lummi Nation were the legal bar to constructing the coal terminal.     

Are Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) sufficiently large?

Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) are gaining renewed attention as a potential tool for sustainable fisheries management in small-scale fisheries. This growing popularity comes despite the fact that there are still unresolved questions about the most effective TURF designs. One of the key questions is the role of TURF size in their efficacy both from ecological and social standpoints. This study explores the expected effects of existing TURF sizes on yields for TURF systems in Chile, México and Japan. The expected effect of larval dispersal and adult movement on yields was simulated for TURFs in each system. The results show that the analyzed TURF systems fall into three main categories: (a) TURFs that are of adequate size to eliminate the expected negative effects of both adult and larval movement, (b) TURFs that are large enough to eliminate the expected negative effects of adult movement, but not the effects of larval dispersal, and c) TURFs that are too small to eliminate the expected impacts on yield of both adult and larval movement. These analyses suggest that either existing models of TURF performance are incomplete or that there is significant scope for improved performance with altered TURF designs. Considering these alternatives, empirical evidence from the TURFs deemed too small suggests that complementary management tools can enhance TURF performance when natural or social constraints prevent the construction of TURFs of optimal size.