贸易保护与知识产权影响下中国电子通信产业参与全球分工的时空演化

中国电子通信产业受国际贸易保护的冲击日趋严重。国际贸易保护与地方知识产权制度通过影响企业参与全球生产网络（GPN）高技术附加值环节,而影响中国电子通信业在全球的分工。制度是衔接演化经济地理与GPN两个范式重要的共有要素,但已有文献对产业演化、制度变迁与GPN动态三者之间的融合缺乏关注,关于超国家制度与区域制度对区域产业嵌入GPN的复杂影响探讨不足。本研究基于2002—2016年间中国的国际贸易和相关制度数据,运用时间序列模型,分析中国电子通信产业嵌入GPN的分工情况对国际贸易保护与地方知识产权制度演变的时间响应;并进一步建立空间收敛模型,对不同区域间这一分工差异进行分析。研究发现,总体而言中国各地区电子通信业在国际分工中的差异未随时间变化而缩小,贸易保护使得区域间电子通信业参与全球分工的差异逐渐扩大,而知识产权制度则有助于缩小区域间的这一差异。具体发现：① 在东部地区,各省份的国际分工差异随时间变化而扩大,而中部地区各省份的差异则在缩小。② 从长期来看,贸易保护制度有助于提升中国整体和东部、中部地区电子通信业在国际上的水平分工度;东部地区对贸易保护制度的响应更快;贸易保护对东部地区在国际分工中位置变动的影响更强。③ 各地区知识产权保护对其产业嵌入GPN分工演化的影响不尽相同,且影响并不显著。研究结果对当前中国电子通信业遭遇贸易保护冲击以及“双循环”战略背景下制定相关政策具有指导意义。当下制定产业发展政策需要因地制宜,考虑各地区电子通信业发展的不同阶段,以实现出口额和产品附加值的双增长。     

Pushing the boundaries: the exclusion of disability rights groups from political influence in Victoria

An Australian federal government report ‘Acting against disability discrimination’ (1994) claims that disabled people ‘throughout Australia have organised themselves into a movement which is growing in strength, militancy, numbers and political sophistication, particularly over the last two decades’. The purpose is to determine whether the disabled people's movement has any strength or influence on government in Victoria. Participant observation, focused interviews, and document analysis showed that confrontational disability rights groups remain marginal to the decision making and policy making of governments in Victoria. This is because of their strategies of direct action, staging visible actions to attract media attention and subverting the ‘normal’ use of space, their non-hierarchical structure, lack of direct government funding and their small membership base that includes non-disabled people. Marginalisation may require disability groups to rethink their organisation and means of resistance if they are to gain greater influence in the formal political arena.     

From regulated access to transferable harvesting rights: Policy insights from New Zealand

The dramatic decline in yields from many of the world's fisheries has prompted an assessment of traditional regulatory approaches to management. Transferable harvesting rights provide an alternative institutional structure in fisheries management. This paper has two aims. First, it links outcomes in the fishery with institutional structure. Second, the paper identifies several important institutional variables if a transition is to be made to from command-and-control management to tradeable rights. In particular, the transition phase must deal with the expectations that attach to the status quo structure of rights in the fishery. The paper's empirical content is drawn from New Zealand's experience with the introduction of transferable harvesting rights.     

Spatial conflicts in New Zealand fisheries: The rights of fishers and protection of the marine environment

New Zealand fisheries legislation provides commercial fishing rights to holders of individual transferable quota (ITQ). The settlement of fisheries claims against the Crown by Mäori, New Zealand's indigenous people, brought about the transfer of ITQ holdings to Mäori, and an obligation on the Crown to recognise and provide for indigenous (customary) fishing rights over fishing grounds and other areas that have been of special significance to Mäori. Some types of customary fishing areas exclude commercial fishing and could affect recreational fishing. Fisheries legislation requires that regulatory measures be put in place to avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of fishing. The Government also aims to protect marine biodiversity by having 10% of New Zealand waters in some form of protection by 2010. The legislative processes for protecting the marine environment and establishing customary fishing areas include assessment of effects on fishing rights. This paper explores the conflicts that arise from legislative obligations to uphold the rights of fishers, to sustain fishstocks and to protect the marine environment. The paper concludes that inconsistent legislative obligations and their disparate processes have led to spatial conflicts and a race for the allocation of space. Legislative obligations need to be integrated to maintain a balance between use of fisheries resources and protection of the marine environment.     

Struggles over family land? Tree crops,land and labour in Ghana’s Brong-Ahafo region

Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man’s property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women’s and young people’s significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities.     

流域生态补偿研究进展

本文结合生态补偿的理论,综述流域生态补偿的基本概念和理论,总结补偿标准制定方法,概括补偿的原则、政策、措施等主要环节,提出目前存在的问题(过于依赖政府主导,补偿重点不明确,补偿范围不明晰,立法未完善等)。并提出了今后应注意的问题,展望了未来的研究重点:首先,继续保持政府监督,引入市场手段论证实施流域生态补偿;二是分清保护性和破坏性生态资源利用行为,采取灵活方式,对相应行为补偿额度进行调整,以有效筹措补偿资金、优化补偿资本来源;三是东西部地区流域内人口、资源、环境等各方面特点不同,补偿应分清"有水无水"和"水好水坏"的问题,采取不同的侧重点.随着丝绸之路经济带建设的推进,西北地区祁连山生态保护与治理已经列为所在各省的战略之一,内陆河流域资源禀赋的发挥要综合考虑生态效益、社会效益和经济效益;四是加强针对生态要素的立法,如土壤保护法、清洁空气法等,建立健全法律制度,保障流域生态补偿的有效进行。     

Why ITQs on target species are inefficient at achieving ecosystem based fisheries management outcomes

The effectiveness of managing fisheries through the allocation of catch rights, including Individual Transferrable Quota's (ITQs), has been the subject of a number of recent reviews. Inspection of these reviews suggests that the effectiveness of ITQ and similar catch rights schemes in meeting single species sustainability objectives differs from their effectiveness in meeting broader Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management objectives, especially in terms of managing effects on associated and dependent species and habitats. This should not be a surprise, given the attributes of rights-based neoliberal market policy instruments, as discussed here.     

福建开展森林人家休闲健康游的探讨

通过对国内开展乡村旅游现状的调研,分析了目前福建开展乡村旅游存在的问题,借鉴川、渝、浙等地乡村旅游"农家乐"的成功经验,结合福建依托森林资源特色开展森林人家的主要措施,对如何进一步提升森林人家品牌进行了探讨.     

产权视角下中国快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩 ——以珠江三角洲东莞市为例

伴随全球化的蔓延,快速城镇化地区的增长与收缩已成为地区发展转型研究中的国际性话题。改革开放以来,珠江三角洲在外来资本和廉价劳动力的双重推动下实现了农村城镇化发展,随之出现了大量的“城乡一体化（Desakota）”混杂空间。然而,2008年的金融危机对城市发展造成了巨大冲击,地区产权结构的不同导致了更新政策的差异,城市中出现增长与收缩并存的新空间现象。基于此,文章从区域农村城镇化的特殊条件出发,结合城乡二元土地产权结构的制度背景,探索珠江三角洲“Desakota”形成的内在因素,并提出理解城镇增长与收缩的分析框架。后危机时代,城市国有土地和集体土地与国家产业政策的匹配程度存在巨大差异,为不同地区带来了截然不同的发展机会。实证分析部分以东莞市为例,通过夜间灯光数据探索城市增长与收缩的空间分布特征,同时结合典型地区的案例分析,从产权视角切入分析地区出现差异化发展的机制。土地是决定地区发展方向的本质性因素,城市中产权明确且结构单一的国有土地有利于更新置换并实现再增长,而产权零散、用地混杂的集体土地往往因改造成本高而难以推动更新发展,地区出现“穿孔式”收缩。     

Geographic Polarization,Partisan Voting,And The Battle Over Same‐Sex Marriage Within The Culture War

Geographic polarization arises when partisan, or like‐minded, voters live in enclaves separate from voters of differing partisan behavior. Research studies at multiple scales of analysis suggest that geographic polarization most typically occurs regarding partisan voting behavior; however, few studies have analyzed polarization with a focus on policy preferences. This research examines same‐sex marriage policy through two statewide issues that shared the presidential election ballot in 2004. The results of that presidential election and these two ballot initiatives are examined in Cincinnati, Ohio, and counties in its surrounding Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in both Ohio and Kentucky. A geographically polarized relationship was found between partisan results and same‐sex marriage results. In addition, the findings suggest that despite a close link between partisan voting and issue voting on same‐sex marriage, spatial clustering (geographic polarization) was identified of those who voted differently from their fellow partisans.