中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴

城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。     

乡村地区旅游城镇化的多主体共治模式——以福建泰宁水际村为例

在乡村振兴战略背景下,乡村旅游地的城镇化研究亟需总结更多更好的中国经验。福建省泰宁县水际村1991-2016年的旅游城镇化体现了一种学界尚未关注到的多主体共治模式,村民在保持地权关系不变的情况下,通过多主体的良性互动实现了就地城镇化。在城镇化过程中,得益于政府的引导、培育和制度建设,乡村经济在利益冲突中保持韧性并持续发展;外来企业的进入则带动了村民经济收入的增长,村民在商业运营中完成了生活方式现代化和思维观念市民化。本文按照案例研究的逻辑,分析了多主体共治状态的形成过程、核心要素及其作用机制。多类主体实现共治的核心要素是有效的制度供给、合理的科层制分工、灵活的产权设计、实现分配正义的市场规则和多类主体之间的理性互动与权力制衡。基于这些核心要素的共同作用,多类主体之间实现共同利益最大化,保障资源效益可以有效地进行再分配,最大限度地发挥旅游促进乡村经济发展和改善人民生活的城镇化目标。可以认为,多主体共同治理是实现乡村旅游城镇化的有效途径。总结这种模式有利于丰富新型城镇化的乡村个案,同时为新时期乡村转型的有效治理提供参考。     

基于乡村振兴战略的人居文化环境质量演变驱动机制研究——以长江中游城市群为例

实施乡村振兴战略,必将重塑中国现有乡村人居文化环境格局并形成城乡人居文化融合发展的新格局。在科学界定乡村人居文化环境的基础上,侧重解析长江中游城市群乡村人居文化环境的时空基底;并围绕乡村人居文化环境的质量测度,遴选影响人居文化环境变化的关键人类活动因子,构建由目标层、系统指标层、目标分解层与具体指标层所构成的评价指标体系;综合运用人地关系理论、复杂系统理论、景观生态理论,借助Delphi及AHP法和ArcGIS平台探析2005~2015年长江中游城市群地区的乡村人居文化环境时空演变特征。结果显示：① 长江中游城市群地区的乡村人居文化环境质量呈现差异化上升的趋势。宜昌、长株潭地区的乡村人居文化环境质量一直处于优良级别,武汉、南昌两大省会所辖乡村地区发展迅速,衡阳市、常德市等传统工业基地已由优良等级逐步降为较差或恶劣等级。② 乡村人居文化环境及子系统质量的演变并非完全同步。人居物质文化是人居文化环境系统演变的基础,直接带动了人居制度文化的优先演变,人居精神文化环境滞后于人居物质、制度文化环境的演变。③ 乡村人居文化环境的时空演变由政府体制机制扶持保障力、现代农业产业体系支撑多元主体需求力、农村公共设施服务力“四轮”共同驱动。     

From compassion to the will to improve: Elision of scripts? Philanthropy in post-tsunami Sri Lanka

The paper analyses how two private post-tsunami reconstruction initiatives in Sri Lanka mobilized well intended aid to support and assist tsunami affected families, drawing on narratives of compassion, which resulted in an inadvertent obtrusion of the moral imperatives of donors upon the lives of aid receivers. We trace the discursive terrain around goodness, kindness and compassion utilized to generate donations. This quickly slipped into the practical construction of village models that reflected individuals’ ideas and understandings of development, modernism, social consciousness and peaceful coexistence. This merging, we argue, quickly subverted intention for the ‘betterment of villagers lives’, and became a means through which donors made claims on villages and impressed their will upon recipients. Given that private donor involvement in post-tsunami Sri Lanka was a critical factor shaping conditions on the ground, we contend that it is important to unpack their (powerful) role in giving meaning to building back better.     

云南典型山地乡村农业扶贫的机制与效应研究——以特色经济作物种植为例

农业扶贫是乡村发展与贫困减缓最为关键且重要的研究内容之一。西南山区孕育着独特的自然生态与社会文化,承载了中国传统人地互动的经典实践,同时也是观测国家发展计划实施后人地关系变迁的关键地方。本文以云南丽江高寒山区的玛咖种植与西双版纳热带山地的普洱茶生产为案例,分析并回溯两种特色农业扶贫计划实施的机制与过程,力图呈现并比较特色产业扶贫带来的乡村发展效应。研究发现：① 农业扶贫项目的选择与确立,需要符合“国家—地方”这一对多元尺度层级的社会文化语境与政治经济管治框架。各类经济作物被引进成为山地乡村的产业扶贫项目,得益于中国地缘政治战略、“内地—边疆”的社会文化分异以及地方多元行动者之间的复杂互动;② 农业扶贫使得山地乡村实现了资本下乡、土地利用有效转型,从而达到不同程度的经济资本积累与文化再造,使所在地方农民经历了从市场竞争的被动接受者到主动的市场主体的身份转型;③ 农业扶贫中“扶贫”与“产业”所表征的政治逻辑与市场逻辑之间并非互相矛盾与掣肘,二者在中国乡村发展语境之下得到了有效、协调的互促与兼容。本文为产业扶贫研究提供了来自地理学的新兴视角与反思,对西南边疆地区立足特色产业提振乡村经济亦具有一定的参考价值。     

基于资源环境承载力的干旱区乡村振兴路径研究——以宁夏为例

资源环境承载力是限制旱区区域社会经济发展的重要因素,厘清资源环境承载力状态,探究典型地区乡村振兴的资源环境分布特征及问题所在,是新时期旱区科学实施乡村振兴的基础。以宁夏为例,基于资源环境承载力PS-DR-DP(压力-支撑力;破坏力-恢复力;退化力-提升力)正六边形相互作用力模型以及3对相互作用力内部的协调发展状况研究,探究干旱地区实现乡村振兴的路径。结果表明:宁夏资源环境承载力较弱,3对相互作用力内部协调发展度在各县域有明显的差异,北部沿黄灌区承载力高于南部山区承载力,资源型城市生态环境破坏严重,总体上宁夏全区资源环境承载力的发展度都较低。针对每个区域资源环境承载力的优势和劣势,将宁夏分为高承载-集聚提升区、高承载-特色保护区、中承载-生态恢复区和低承载-生态保育区4个区域。实现乡村振兴战略不仅要在宏观层面上谋划振兴路径,还要根据各区域的资源环境承载能力进行调控以促进乡村地区社会经济可持续发展。     

Relationality/territoriality: Toward a conceptualization of cities in the world

The paper contributes to the conceptualization of cities in the world by first outlining the conceptual and empirical challenges of theorizing the urban/global nexus in both relational and territorial terms. It argues that the most useful and appropriate approach to understanding contemporary urban governance in global context is to develop a conceptualization that is equally sensitive to the role of relational and territorial geographies, of fixity and flow, of global contexts and place-specificities (and vice versa), of structural imperatives and embodied practices, in the production of cities. In order to illustrate the benefits of this conceptualization, the paper will apply it to the case of how downtown development is governed in many contemporary cities. The role of the Business Improvement District (BID) program and New Urbanist planning models in shaping downtowns will be examined in terms of: (1) how and by whom these models are developed in a global-relational context and are set in motion through scaled circuits of policy knowledge and (2) how the mobilization of these models are conditioned by their territorialization in specific spatial and political economic contexts. The paper emphasizes that the ‘local globalness’ of policy models like BIDs and New Urbanism and their consequences for cities can best be understood through a combined focus on relationality and territoriality.     

Space reconstruction process and internal driving mechanisms of Taobao villages in metropolitan fringe areas: A case study of Lirendong village in Guangzhou,China

This paper examines the process and internal mechanisms of rural ecommerce industry agglomeration and space reconstruction in metropolitan fringe areas, employing Lirendong village in Guangzhou, China, as a case study. Questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews were utilized and interpreted through the perspective of the actor-network theory. The results show that, in Lirendong village, local government, processing enterprises, rural collectives, e-commerce entrepreneurial talent, and other key actors participate in the pursuit and realization of suburban land value according to their action logic. Actors jointly evolved and constructed the phased industrial processes and space value accumulation process of the e-commerce industry. The reconstruction process experienced three stages, including the government-led agricultural decentralization stage, the market-oriented industrialization stage, and the Internet+ stage dominated by the social network of fellow villagers. The development process has evolved from the dominance of exogenous forces to that of endogenous forces, and, as a result, the types and structures of rural land use are diversified. The spatial texture and rural environment of the traditional country gradually disappeared, forming a diversified mixed form of urban-rural land and mixed-use landscape of industrial, commercial, and residential land in vertical space. At the same time, the social network changed from a single and homogeneous social network of acquaintances to a multiple network of strangers.     

Analyzing space-time evolution of rural transition in a rapidly urbanizing region: A case study of Suzhou,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Influenced by globalization, rural transition in developed Western countries has experienced processes of productivism, post-productivism, and multifunctional...     

甘肃省县域乡村功能地域分异特征

明确乡村功能与定位,可以为加快农业农村现代化发展、有效推进乡村振兴战略实施提供决策参考。通过构建乡村多功能综合评价指标体系,以甘肃省县域为研究单元,采用ArcGIS自然间断点法、纵向比较系数等方法,对全省乡村功能发展水平进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年乡村综合功能指数平均值不断上升,乡村综合功能增强,总体呈现东高西低的空间格局;农业生产功能逐步增强,粮食作物主产区范围不断扩大,并不断向陇中、陇南地区方向移动;经济发展功能呈现西北高东南低的空间格局,外围区县发展受到中心城区辐射带动作用;居住生活功能异质性明显,大部分区县乡村居住生活水平较低;生态保育功能受政策影响,逐步改善且高值区不断扩大。（2）乡村综合功能2010年后差距扩大,但各功能变异系数整体趋于稳定,变化幅度较小。（3）乡村多功能纵向比较系数空间分布特征显著,部分地区之间有一定的空间集聚特征,总体表现为增强趋势。根据甘肃省乡村功能类型区呈现的地域差异化提出了相应的调整策略。