滨海城市竖向避难场所选址可靠性评价与若干问题探讨

关注滨海城市竖向避难场所的选址可靠性问题,首先深化确立“竖向避难场所”概念;然后构建竖向避难场所选址可靠性评价模型,综合自然地理要素和建成环境要素,从与灾害直接作用相关的选址暴露性、与应急交通相关的选址敏感性、与应急服务相关的选址适应性3个维度展开,搭建3级评价指标体系;再以天津滨海新区为例、聚焦滨海城市潮洪灾害和人口安全矛盾的集核——临港城区展开实证研究,借助ArcGIS分类与可视化发现：高低可靠性选址之间具有明显的空间分异,可以分解为灾害暴露性的“近岸高?远岸低”分异、交通敏感性的“外围高?中心低”分异、服务适应性的“中心与沿河高?外围低”兼“近港高?远港低”分异。同时发现：商业设施用地选址价值较高,在高可靠性选址中占比第一;中小学和社会福利设施用地选址价值最高,在高可靠性选址中占比第二;文化科研和娱乐康体设施用地在高可靠性选址中占比最小。针对临港城区实证研究结果,提出滨海城市竖向避难场所选址及可靠性提升对策。     

“一带一路”视角下城市技术合作网络演化特征与影响因素研究

采用2007-2018年的PCT专利合作数据,基于“一带一路”视角,分段刻画城市技术合作网络的拓扑结构、空间格局及其时空演化,利用负二项回归方法分析其演化的邻近性机理,结果表明:①拓扑结构方面,网络整体规模经历了从“规模扩大”到“联系增强”的演化过程,中国城市逐渐占据网络的核心层级.②空间格局方面,“一带一路”城市之间...     

Study on Mountain City Landscape Gradient Characteristics and Urban Construction Coupling: Taking the Yangtze River to the Eastern Ridge Line of Nan Mountain in Chongqing as an Example

China has a vast area of mountains that are of great research interest. Chongqing is a typical mountain city in China. In urban construction, a mountain is not only an important limiting condition for urban development, but also an important condition for shaping the urban form. The area from the Yangtze River to the eastern ridge line of Nan Mountain in Nanan District is strongly representative of mountain cities with a complex landform, fragile ecological environment and a long history and culture. In recent years, the construction and optimization of this area are increasingly closely related to the landscape environment. However, due to the special environments of mountain cities, altitude and landform conditions become the key influencing conditions for further development of the cities. Therefore, this paper takes this region as an example, focuses on remote sensing and field measurement data, combines government data with that from scholarly research, and conducts relevant exploration through GIS, ENVI and some chart processing software. At first, from the perspective of the landscape gradient and urban construction, the characteristics of the urban landscape gradient are sorted out, and the developmental status of each urban area is analyzed. Then, the coupling relationships between the landscape features of each gradient and each urban area are analyzed. Finally, based on the analysis results, three major optimization measures are proposed to maintain ecological harmony in the mountainous area, reconstruct the mountain characteristic culture, and create unique mountain aesthetics, all with the hope of providing some guidance for the future development of the study area and similar mountain cities.     

1988—2018年中国城市实体地域与行政地域用地扩张对比

城市边界是城市演化认知和城市规划决策的空间依据。中国不少研究实践将地级市等行政地域范围视为城市,与物理上主要由连续人造不透水面构成的城市实体地域相比,存在较大的空间边界差异。然而,鲜有研究定量分析“实体”视角下长时间序列的城市用地演化,特别是对实体和行政两种统计单元视角下的城市扩张差异缺乏系统认识。本文基于30 m空间分辨率的多源遥感产品识别了1988—2018年8期的城市实体地域边界,分析其用地扩张过程,进一步与行政地域相对比,系统识别了两种统计视角下城市用地扩张的认知差异和空间模式。主要结论为：① 1988—2018年间,中国面积5 km²以上的城市实体地域单元数量增长了378%,以华东和华中地区的增长最为显著;城市实体地域中,88%为独立增长型,分布广泛但面积大都小于50 km²;12%为空间聚合型,主要分布在发达地区,面积普遍较大。② 相比行政地域,城市实体地域的位序规模更符合幂律分布,其Zipf指数30年来逐渐上升趋向于1,城镇体系发展愈发均衡;相比城市实体地域,行政地域单元在平原地区的城市扩张面积普遍偏高,在沿海地区的城市扩张强度普遍偏低。③ 和城市实体地域单元在拓扑关系上无法一一匹配的1327个行政单元大多分布在人口密集或发达的平原地区;结合实体和行政边界识别了“跨政区同城化”和“政区内集群化”两种扩张模式,前者多发生在省会区域,后者主要分布在华北平原,两者反映了城市化的空间重构。本文研究结果有助于深化中国土地城镇化时空过程的认识,并可对土地资源的科学配置、统一协调及行政区划的优化整合提供空间依据。     

标度律视角的城市效能测度及中国城市多维要素效能分析

"城市标度律"(urban scaling laws)揭示了城市系统中城市人口和城市要素间普遍存在的非线性规模缩放关系,但目前大多数城市评价忽视了这种关系,常使用人均指标比较不同规模的城市,这会导致评价结果偏差.为此,考虑城市人口和城市要素间的非线性规模缩放关系构建了要素效能指数,用以修正城市规模的影响,度量城市要素实...     

2018年春季西北五省省会城市大气质量与健康风险评价

城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂的健康风险。结果表明:PM_2.5和PM₁₀为主要超标污染物。除乌鲁木齐市(该市PM₁₀春季平均质量浓度亦超标)外,其余四个城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的春季平均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准。各城市SO₂、NO₂、O₃和CO的污染水平较低。2018年春季各城市空气质量以良好至轻度污染...     

基于随机森林模型的东北地区收缩城市分布格局及影响因素研究

基于2005-2009年、2010-2014年、2015-2019年和2005-2019年人口变化数据,判定东北地区收缩城市,分析其空间分布格局,并对比运用多元线性回归方法和随机森林回归方法探索东北地区收缩城市形成的影响因素及其影响作用.结果 表明:①空间上,东北地区的收缩城市主要分布在以长白山、三江平原、小兴安岭和大...     

我国重要城市间信息作用的系统分析

本文依据城市间长途电话资料,借助因子分析方法,对我国三十个重要城市间信息作用的集聚场和扩散场进行了系统分析,着重分析了核及其影响范围、等级结构和地域结构,发现我国重要城市间的信息作用场深受中央集权行政管理体制的影响,网络结构也不合理.对此,本文也提出初步的发展依据和设想.     

泥石流危险范围预测模型及在昆明东川城区的应用

结合泥石流危险范围模型实验数据,运用多元回归分析方法探讨了泥石流危险范围预测,并进行了误差分析。以昆明市东川城区后山3条泥石流沟为例,运用该模型对其危险范围进行了预测分析,为东川城区泥石流防灾提供了科学依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn